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BIO 201 > Central Dogma of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Duplication of the genetic material (DNA -> DNA)

A

Replication

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2
Q

Universal features of DNA replication

A
  1. semiconservative
  2. specific base pairing
  3. 5’ to 3’ direction
  4. a primer is needed
  5. a complex process
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3
Q

Enzymes or Proteins involved in DNA replication

A
  1. DNA polymerase
  2. DNA helicase
  3. SSBPs
  4. topoisomerase
  5. primase
  6. DNA ligase
  7. initiation proteins
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4
Q

primosome

A

DNA helicase + DNA primase

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5
Q

PRO vs EU: DNA Polymerase

A

Pro:
DNA Pol I, II, III
I - primer excision and nt repair
II - DNA repair
III - chain elongation
* only I and III are involved

Eu:
10 types
DNA α, β, γ, δ, ε
α - priming
β, ε - DNA repair
γ - mitDNA replication
δ - chain elongation
* only α, δ, ε are involved

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6
Q

Bacterial DNA Pol III Holoenzyme: 3 main parts

A
  1. core enzyme
  2. sliding clamp
  3. clamp loader
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7
Q

DNA Pol III Holoenzyme: Core Enzyme

A

α - polymerization
ε - 3’ to 5’ exonuclease/proofreading
θ - stimulates ε

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8
Q

unwinds DNA double helix

A

DNA helicase

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9
Q

hold separated strands from reannealing
prevent formation of hairpin loops
protect strands from nuclease degradation

A

single stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBPs)

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10
Q

removes supercoiling and relaxes DNA

A

topoisomerase (gyrase)

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11
Q

synthesizes RNA primers

A

primase

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12
Q

seals nicks

A

ligase

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13
Q

bind in multiple copies to specific signs at the replication origin

A

initiating proteins or replication initiators

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14
Q

PRO vs EU: Replication initiation

A

Prokaryotes:
* single initiation site (ori site) and has one replicon

Eukaryotes:
* has several replicons and initiates replication sites at various replication origins

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15
Q

Replication occurs during?

A

S-phase

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16
Q

Replication Elongation: leading vs lagging strand

A

leading strand:
continuous elongation from one RNA primer by DNA Pol III in the 5’ to 3’ direction

lagging strand:
discontinuous elongation from several RNA primers by DNA Pol III in the 5’ to 3’ direction, forming Okazaki fragments

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17
Q

Why is replication not repeated?

A

Replication starts at different origins, and a replication origin can only be used once. Re-replication can also be blocked either by the addition of an inhibitor to newly replicated strands or the removal of the initiator proteins.

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18
Q

Passing of the genetic information from the DNA to the RNA molecule

A

Transcription

19
Q

T or F: Transcription also involves non-coding regions.

A

False; only the coding regions

20
Q

T or F:
(A) RNA Polymerase has a proofreading ability.
(B) RNA Pol does not need a primer.
(C) Both the prokaryotes and eukaryotes have one type of RNA Pol.

A

A. False
B. True
C. False; Eukaryotes has 3 types (I, II, III)

21
Q

3 Types of RNA Pol in Eukaryotes

A

I - rRNA
II - hnRNA –> (splicing) –> mRNA
III - tRNA

22
Q

PRO vs EU: promoter sequences

A

PRO:
* TTGACA (-35)
* Pribnow box - TATAAT (-10)

EU:
* GGCCAATCT (-75)
* Goldberg/Hogness box - TATA(A/T)A (-25)

> Both have TATA boxes

23
Q

T or F: transcription enhancers are commonly found in eukaryotes and less in prokaryotes

A

True

24
Q

mRNA processing

A

capping – > tailing –> splicing

capping: addition of methylated G at the 5’ end
tailing: addition of poly-A tail at the 3’ end (poly A polymerase)
splicing: cutting of introns

25
Q

T or F: RNA splicing happens frequently in prokaryotes.

A

False

26
Q

Expression of Genes into Proteins

A

Translation

27
Q

Components of the Translation Machinery (6)

A
  1. ribosome (RNA + proteins)
  2. mRNA
  3. tRNA
  4. aminoacyl synthetase
  5. initiation, elongation, and release factors
  6. peptidyl transferase
28
Q

PRO vs EU: ribosome

A

PRO: 70S = 30S + 50S
EU: 80S = 40S + 60S

29
Q

Which is true?
(A) Prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic and has a long life span.
(B) Prokaryotic mRNA is monocistronic and has a short life span.
(C) Eukaryotic mRNA is polycistronic and has a short life span.
(D) Eukaryotic mRNA is polycistronic and has a long life span.
(E) None of the Above

A

(E) None
Pro mRNA: polycistronic, short life span
Eu mRNA: monocistronic, long life span

30
Q

Brings the amino acid to the site of synthesis

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

31
Q

Release Factors:
(1) RF1
(2) RF2
(3) RF3

A
  1. UAA, UAG
  2. UGA, UAA
  3. stimulates RF1 and RF2
32
Q

catalyzes peptide bond formation

A

peptidyl transferase

33
Q

Features of the genetic code (7)

A
  1. universal
  2. 3 bases code for 1 amino acid
  3. non-overlapping
  4. degenerate
  5. like amino acids is represented by related codons
  6. stop codons signal the end of translation: UAA, UGA, UAG
  7. in vivo protein synthesis requires AUG as start codon
34
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis and what is its importance?

A

This hypothesis accounts for the coding of more than one codon to a single amino acid. The third base of a codon forms a non-specific base pairing with the first base of an anticodon, which means the cell does not have to synthesize tRNA for each of the 61 codons. A single tRNA can recognize more than one codon coding for a single amino acid.

35
Q

Rank the translation stages from most rapid to slowest

A
  1. elongation
  2. termination
  3. initiation
36
Q

PRO vs EU: first amino acid

A

PRO: f-Met (formylated)
EU: Met (not formylated)

37
Q

PRO vs EU: ribosome binding site

A

PRO:
determined by the purine-rich Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGG) about 8-12 nucleotides upstream of the start codon AUG

EU:
determined by the Kozak sequence (ACCAUGG), which surrounds the initiating codon (AUG) nearest to the 5’ end of the mRNA

38
Q

Shine-Dalgarno Sequence

A

AGGAGG

39
Q

Kozak Sequence

A

ACCAUGG

40
Q

elongation steps

A
  1. codon recognition
    - new aa tRNA at A site
  2. peptide bond formation
    - aa tRNA at A site + prev aa tRNA at P site (peptide bond by peptidyl transferase)
  3. translocation
    - new aa tRNA enters the P site
    - old aa tRNA enters the E site and is released from the ribosome
41
Q

Amino acid side chain modifications

A
  1. Acetylation
  2. Methylation
  3. Carboxylation
  4. Phosphorylation
  5. Formation of Disulfide crosslinks
42
Q

PTM:
(1) addition of macromolecules to protein
(2) + sugar
(3) + lipid

A
  1. coupling
  2. glycoproteins
  3. lipoproteins
43
Q

Which is false?
(A) A virus replicates in a bacterial host.
(B) The protein coat of viruses does not enter the host cell.
(C) The genetic material of viruses is DNA or RNA.
(D) Viruses replicate autonomously in the absence of a host.

A

D.

44
Q

DNA synthesis can be measured by estimating the incorporation of radiolabeled? (A, C, T, or G?)

A

thymine (T)

BIO 201 (10 decks)

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