Central Dogma

Question 1

microtubules organized from

Answer 1

gamma tubulin rings in the centrosome

Question 2

motor protein that moves flagellum

Answer 2

dynein

Question 3

read DNA

Answer 3

3’ to 5’

Question 4

build DNA

Answer 4

5’ to 3’

Question 5

RNA polymerase features

Answer 5

1. require DNA template
2. 5’ to 3’ polymerases
3. highly processive

Question 6

Bacterial RNA polymerase inhibited by

Answer 6

rifamycin

Question 7

ribosomal RNA transcribed by RNAP I as

Answer 7

45S transcript with 28S, 18S and 5.8S

Question 8

rRNA processing

Answer 8

1. 45S transcript cut by endoribonucleases to remove ITS
2. ends trimmed by exonucleases
3. bases modified to pseudouridine or 2’OM
4. transported to cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex

Question 9

rRNA processing assisted by

Answer 9

snoRNA

Question 10

tRNA found on

Answer 10

every chromosome except 22 and Y

Question 11

tRNA processing

Answer 11

1. intron in anticodon loop removed
2. ends trimmed
3. Uracil residue at 3’ end removed and replaced by CCA
4. bases modified (dihydrouracil, pseudouracil, ribothymidine - methylated bases)
5. aminoacylated and transported to cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex

Question 12

recognition binding sites for TF

Answer 12

TATA box, GC rich region for constitutively expressed, CAAT box

Question 13

snRNA processing

Answer 13

5’ 7methylguanosine cap

Question 14

miRNA processing

Answer 14

1. capped at 5’ end
2. polyadenylated
3. MICROPROCESSOR COMPLEX cuts pre-miRNA
4. transported to cytoplasm and cut by Dicer
5. 22 nucleotide strand incorporated into RISC

Question 15

post-transcriptional gene regulation mechanisms

Answer 15

1. alternative splicing
2. alternative polyadenylation
3. RNA editing changes (deamination of C to U or adenosine to inosine)
4. RNA stability
5. regulation by non-coding RNA

Question 16

how are codons read by tRNA?

Answer 16

complementary, antiparallel binding

Question 17

how are AA added to tRNA

Answer 17

aminoacyl synthase, 2 ATP

Question 18

start of translation in prokaryotes

Answer 18

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

Question 19

cap independent translation

Answer 19

IRES

Question 20

post-translational modification

Answer 20

first methionine removed by methionine aminopeptidase

Question 21

factors in initiation of translation

Answer 21

eIF2 and eIF4E (CBP)

Question 22

factors in elongation of translation

Answer 22

EF1a (tRNA binding) and EF2 (moving mRNA to next codon)

Question 23

signal hypothesis

Answer 23

proteins destined for ER have signal sequence on amino terminus

Question 24

process of translocation of translation to ER

Answer 24

1. SRP binds signal sequence at amino terminus and stalls translation
2. SRP moves to SRP receptor on ER membrane with translocon
3. SRP and SRP receptor dissociate to keep translation going
4. protein enters ER with BiP
5. signal cut off by peptidase

Question 25

what determines orientation of membrane proteins

Answer 25

start and stop transfer sequences

Question 26

disulfide bonds form in ER with

Answer 26

protein disulfide isomerases (PDI)

Question 27

where are oligosaccharides added on protein

Answer 27

asparagine

Question 28

type of carb modification in Golgi

Answer 28

O-linked to serine and threonine

Question 29

where does proteolytic processing occur

Answer 29

TGN

Question 30

cargo selection in the ER occurs bc of

Answer 30

recruitment signals in proteins

Question 31

sequence that sends proteins back to ER from Golgi

Answer 31

KDEL

Question 32

ways to degrade protein

Answer 32

lysosomal degradation and ubiquitin proteasome system

Question 33

ubiquitin added to

Answer 33

lysine residues

Question 34

ubiquitin proteasome system is present where

Answer 34

cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 35

UPR responses

Answer 35

1. inhibit translation via eIF2 phosphorylation 2. increase transcription of chaperones and efflux factors 3. apoptosis (PERK, ATF6, IRE1)

Question 36

4 conditions leading to aggregation

Answer 36

1. mutations in proteins or quality control 2. defect in translation and assembly 3. environmental stress 4. aging

Question 37

aggresomes form when

Answer 37

misfolded proteins transported on MT to nucleus

Question 38

aggregates cleared by

Answer 38

ubiquitin proteasome or autophagy

Question 39

when does autophagy occur

Answer 39

starvation, senescent cells, aggregates form

Question 40

mTORC inhibition leads to

Answer 40

increased autophagy

Question 41

what cuts off sugar in cytosol during ERAD

Answer 41

N-glycanase

Question 42

what's associated with chaperon mediated autophagy

Answer 42

KFERQ sequence and LAMP-2A

Question 43

importance of prions

Answer 43

can influence normal proteins to misfold via seeds

Question 44

what does ORC do

Answer 44

recruits replication machinery to origin

Question 45

replication initiation happens by...

Answer 45

1. specific DNA binding proteins form prereplicative complex during G1 2. helicases from prerep complex become activated

Question 46

what puts RNA primer in replication

Answer 46

DNA polymerase a (DNA Primase)

Question 47

Topoisomerase equivalent in prokaryotes

Answer 47

DNA gyrase

Question 48

sister chromatids are held together by

Answer 48

cohesin

Question 49

What maintains telomere structure

Answer 49

shelterin complex

Question 50

defects in transcription coupled repair machinery lead to

Answer 50

xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)

Question 51

caveat of homologous repair

Answer 51

can only happen in S and G2 phase after replication

Question 52

core complex of DNA repair factors and protein that integrates the complex

Answer 52

Genome Surveillance Complex | BRCA1