Cengage Chapter 8 - Recovering Graphic Files

Question 1

Collections of dots, or pixels, in a grid format that form a graphic.

Answer 1

bitmap images

Question 2

The process of recovering file fragments that are scattered across a disk.

Answer 2

carving

Question 3

The process of coding data from a larger form to a smaller form.

Answer 3

data compression

Question 4

The process of converting raw picture data to another format, such as JPEG or TIF.

Answer 4

demosaicing

Question 5

A file format the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA) developed as a standard for storing metadata in JPEG and TIF files.

Answer 5

Exchangeable Image File (Exif)

Question 6

A guideline that describes the free use of copyrighted material for news reports, critiques, noncommercial use, and educational purposes.

Answer 6

fair use

Question 7

The results of keyword searches that contain the correct match but aren’t relevant to the investigation.

Answer 7

false positives

Question 8

The lowest bit value in a byte. In Microsoft OSs, bits are displayed from right to left, so the rightmost bit is the LSB. OSs that read bits from right to left are called “little endian.” OSs that display the LSB from left to right are called “big endian.”

Answer 8

least significant bit (LSB)

Question 9

A compression method in which no data is lost. With this type of compression, a large file can be compressed to take up less space and then uncompressed without any loss of information.

Answer 9

lossless compression

Question 10

A compression method that permanently discards bits of information in a file. The removed bits of information reduce image quality.

Answer 10

lossy compression

Question 11

Graphics files that are combinations of bitmap and vector images. See also bitmap images and vector graphics.

Answer 11

metafile graphics

Question 12

The highest bit value in a byte.

Answer 12

most significant bit (MSB)

Question 13

Less common graphics file formats, including proprietary formats, newer formats, formats that most image viewers don’t recognize, and old or obsolete formats.

Answer 13

nonstandard graphics file formats

Question 14

Small dots used to create images; the term comes from “picture element.”

Answer 14

pixels

Question 15

Collections of pixels stored in rows rather than a grid, as with bitmap images, to make graphics easier to print; usually created when a vector graphic is converted to a bitmap image

Answer 15

raster images

Question 16

A file format typically found on higher-end digital cameras; the camera performs no enhancement processing—hence the term “raw.” This format maintains the best picture quality, but because it’s a proprietary format, not all image viewers can display it.

Answer 16

raw file format

Question 17

The density of pixels displayed onscreen, which governs image quality.

Answer 17

resolution

Question 18

Another term for carving, used outside North America. See carving.

Answer 18

salvaging

Question 19

Common graphics file formats that most graphics programs and image viewers can open.

Answer 19

standard graphics file formats

Question 20

Graphics based on mathematical instructions to form lines, curves, text, and other geometric shapes.

Answer 20

vector graphics

Question 21

A form of compression that uses an algorithm similar to rounding off decimal values to eliminate unnecessary bits of data.

Answer 21

vector quantization (VQ)