Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Lec > Cellular Structures > Flashcards

Cellular Structures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are cell types found in organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea whereas

A

Prokaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

are found in all organisms within the domain Eukarya—this includes the kingdoms Animalia,
Plantae, and Fungi

A

Eukaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Irrespective of type, all cells contain a number of similar structural components that they share:

A

● All cells contain an outer covering called the plasma membrane. This structure separates the external environment from the complex processes and reactions taking place inside the cell.

● The cytoplasm is the area of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus. All other organelles, structures, and cellular materials are found here suspended in a semi-fluid liquid called the cytosol.

● All cells contain DNA, although it is organized differently between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is the genetic material that contains the instructions for all life’s
processes.

● Lastly are ribosomes. These structures convert nucleic acids into proteins, a key macromolecule in the structural formation of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The DNA in prokaryotic cells is bundled up together in what is known as a

A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This structure forms an additional layer of protection maintains the cell shape and prevents the cell from dehydrating (Prokaryotic cells)

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

These are compartmentalized structures that are able to perform more specific cellular processes. Some of these organelles have even originated from prokaryotic cells!

A

Membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is packed inside a membrane-enclosed structure called the

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The fluid-filled space inside the nucleus is called
the

A

Nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Together, the cytoplasm and
nucleoplasm are called the

A

Protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The endomembrane system is an organellar system composed of three main membrane-bound organelles: ? These three work
together in order to secrete substances out of the cell.

A

the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

-most prominent organellar structure you will find when looking at cells under a microscope

-often dubbed as the information center of the cell

A

The Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two main functions of the nucleus

A
  1. Directs chemical reactions in the cell by transcribing DNA into RNA, which is then translated into proteins
  2. Stores genetic information which is duplicated and passed down during cellular reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most of the cell’s DNA is found in the nucleus. Here, this macromolecule is loosely condensed
into long strands called

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During cellular division, the chromatin is duplicated,
condensed, and coiled into ? containing hereditary information that will be perpetuated for the continuation of life.

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This is a non-membrane bound structure found in the nuclei of non-dividing cells.

produce ribosomes, and RNA-based organelle responsible for the translation of
RNA into proteins.

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The membrane of this organelle is connected
to the nucleus to facilitate the production of
substances.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is described as such because it is studded with
many ribosomes in its membranes, whose role
is to produce proteins, much-like in
free-floating ribosomes.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Responsible for the production of:

  1. lipids (such as steroid hormones),
  2. enzymes to detoxify drugs and poisons, and
  3. in muscle cells, secrete calcium ions for muscle contraction
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

18
Q

the ‘processing center’ of the endomembrane system; Once the products are ready, this sorts
and packages these into vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

19
Q

This organelle ‘processes’ the
ER’s products in the following ways:

A
  1. Proteins complete their tertiary or quaternary
    structures, becoming functional,
  2. Carbohydrates are attached to lipids or
    proteins for recognition
20
Q

are spherical membrane-bound structures that
substances (in this case, the products of the
endomembrane system).

A

Vesicles

21
Q

Some vesicles in the endomembrane system remain in the cell; are produced by the Golgi apparatus, with enzymes originating from the ER. These spherical bodies act as ‘digestion centers’ of the cell, breaking down organic molecules that have been ‘eaten’ by the cell.

A

Lysosomes

21
Q

Some vesicles in the endomembrane system remain in the cell; are produced by the Golgi apparatus, with enzymes originating from the ER. These spherical bodies act as ‘digestion centers’ of the cell, breaking down organic molecules that have been ‘eaten’ by the cell.

A

Lysosomes

22
Q

are similar in structure with lysosomes
but originate entirely from the ER and not from the
golgi apparatus. This organelle protects the cell from
toxic substances, especially hydrogen peroxide
(usually in the mitochondria), which is harmful to cells
due to their reactivity.

A

Peroxisomes

23
Q

are membranous sacs with a variety of shapes and forms. They are very prominent in plants.

However, in animals, vacuoles are smaller, serving as storage of organic compounds (such as food), or—in some animals, pump water out of a cell (such as the image to your right; an
anima-like protist, called a Paramecium contains contractile vacuoles to pump water out)

A

Vacuoles

24
Q

Colloquially regarded as the ‘powerhouse of the cell’, this organelle is specifically the site for
aerobic respiration. They are responsible for generating most of the cells energy currency: ATP.
These organelles also have their own DNA and have once been an independent cell that have
been assimilated into the eukaryotic structure millions of years ago.

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

are membrane-bound organelles that produce and store organic compounds. The most
notable of these, are chloroplasts which undergoes photosynthesis. Some plastids store lipids,
proteins or pigments. However, plastids are only found in autotrophic eukaryotes. Therefore,
animals do not have plastids.

A

Plastids

26
Q

a network of proteins that provides the framework and structure to the cell, much like your skeleton is to your body.

A

Cytoskeleton

27
Q

Cytoskeletons are composed of three types of proteins:

A

microfilaments (green), actin filaments (red), and intermediate filaments (yellow).

28
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton

A

Other than
providing the structural framework of the cell, they also function in:
1. Providing mechanical resistance and strength to the cell
2. Aid in movement and contraction
3. Act as a ‘cellular highway’ for the movement of vesicles and substances

29
Q

Two associated structures of the cytoskeleton are responsible for much of the movement in some
animal cells.

A

Cillia and Flagella

30
Q

are short, numerous filaments that coordinate in
a sweeping motion

A

Cilia

31
Q

are long tail-like extensions that occur singly or in pairs.

A

Flagella

32
Q

These structures are produced by the active movement of the cytoskeleton and cytoplasm, generating

A

amoeboid movement

33
Q

Near the nucleus, at nonmembranous regions of the cytoplasm, are microtubule-organizing
centers

A

Centrosomes

34
Q

a component of the
cytoskeleton.

A

Microtubules

35
Q

are involved in
the movement of chromosomes during cellular division

A

Centrioles

36
Q

functions as the main barrier between the internal and
external environment of the cell. It also receives external stimuli from the environment and is responsible for the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

A

membranes (specifically the cell or plasma membrane)

37
Q

Cellular membranes are mainly composed of three structural components:

A

the phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol units, and membrane proteins

(Carbohydrates are also present in the
membrane but are often attached to lipids and proteins on the outer surface of the membrane.)

38
Q

The most prominent component of membranes is the ?. As the name implies, it is a double-layer of phospholipids. phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning that there is a hydrophilic(‘water-loving’) and hydrophobic (‘water-hating’) end. This is crucial in understanding how membranes are structured.

A

phospholipid bilayer

39
Q

These steroid molecules squeeze themselves in between the hydrophobic tails of the
phospholipid bilayer, helping the phospholipids ‘jiggle’ and ‘move about’

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

as the ‘pieces float and swim about’ the
phospholipid bilayer. Cholesterol helps maintain this fluidity of the cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic

41
Q

The ‘pieces’ that ‘float about’ in the membrane are
mostly proteins called .

A

membrane proteins

42
Q

These
proteins serve many functions for both the cell and
the plasma membrane. Some of these include:

A

● Transporting materials through the
membrane
● Facilitate in chemical reactions (as
catalysts)
● Adheres cells together
● Receives external stimuli
● Provides cell-to-cell recognition

Bio Lec (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions