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Cellular signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Compartments of the body and compostiton

Intra / Extra

A

Intracellular (Inside Cells):

40% K (Potasium)

Extracellular (Interstitial):

20% Transcellular fluid

NA (Sodium)high

NaCl NaHCO3

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2
Q

Equilibrium State

Steady State

A

Equilibrium - NO transfer of a particular substance or energy from one compartment to the other

Steady State: does not change with time – the amount or concentration of a substance in a compartment is constant

Uses Energy to maintain the state

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3
Q

GAP Junctions

AUTOCRINE

PARACRINE

NERVOUS

Endocrine

A

Gap junctions: adjacent plasma membranes - intercellular communication or transfer of low molecular- weight substances (made of connexin)

Autocrine: substance secreted by a cell acts back on surface receptors of the same cell

Paracrine: substance secreted by a cell acts on adjacent cells

Nervous: substance released by an axon terminal that influences a target neuron or cell

Endocrine: substance secreted by a cell that is distributed by the blood

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4
Q

GAP Junctions

A

cells including cardiac and smooth muscle. (Contract in synsitium)

6 x connexin form a half channel called a connexon.

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5
Q

Signal Transduction

Plasma Membrane Receptors

On plasma membrane or In Cell

A

(LIGAND) first messengers from transmitting cells can convert their info to a second messenger within the target cell

First messengers include peptides, protein hormones, growth factors, steroids, ions, metabolic products, gases, light

Second messengers include cAMP, cGMP, IP3, calcium, and DAG

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6
Q

G protein-Coupled Receptors

A

Trimeric GTP-binding regulatory proteins

Respond to first messengers
Proteins, small peptides, amino acids, fatty acid
derivatives
Binding of ligand results in conformational change that allows the receptor to associate with a trimeric G protein in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane
This association activates the G protein which dissociates from the receptor and transmits the signal to the effector enzyme or ion channel

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7
Q

Basic Functions of the GI Tract

A
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8
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

Omentum

Mesentary

A

Greater sack of Omentum - Gravitates to infection (Apendix to prevent the spread of infection

Mesentary- The access created by the Pariatal peritoneam for Art Veins and Nerves to Small intestine, Holds coils of intestine in place

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9
Q

RetroPerineal

(Behind peritonium)

Organs

A

Access for SX from Behing Ribs

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10
Q

Arteries of Abdomen

A

T8 inf Vena cava

T12 DIAphram

L4 Bifurcation of Aorta

Cecelia SMS Renzo Both the IM and AA

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11
Q

Wall of GI tract

A

Inner - Circle

Outer -Long

Messenteric Plexis

Closed Viseral peritoneum

Muscularis Mucosa

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12
Q

GI tract innervation

A

NA - Threshold / CA L-type Spike

Uniteric - Syncitium

Messenteric Plexes - Cells of CAJAL - Pace Maker

NA/K Atp ase

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13
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Extension of CNS

Independent

VAGUS N Parasympathetic / Sensory

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14
Q

Patterns of GI Motillity

A

Propulsion - Peristalsis

Tritiration -Antrum

Mixing

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15
Q

GUT Reflexes

A

Gastroenteric

  • Gastroileal
  • Gastrocolic
  • Rectoanal - Puborectalis Msc
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16
Q

Salavary Gland Secretions

A

Carbohydrate + Lipid breakdown start in the mouth

Inc PH with CL-shift antiporter for HCO3(into lumen)

Amylase

Lingual Lipase

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17
Q

Gastric Secretion

PH<3 ihibits Gastrin

A

Parietal Cells- HCL/ Intrinsic Factor

Chief Cells. - Gastric Lipase Pepsinogen

HCL - Pepsinogen to PEPSIN

G-Cells - Gastrin

H2 Histamine - Incr HCL

Older Px - Decreased B12 (By intrinsic in Ileum) Causes Dementia

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18
Q

ACID Production in Stomach

OMEPRAZOLE

Protein Pump Inhibitors

Overuse - Clostridium Difficle Infec

A

Pariental Cells

Special adaptation - ALCALINE TIDE Interstitial Fluid. Protect from high Acid

H / K ATPase ACID Produced

CL shift Alcaline tide

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19
Q

Regulation of Stomach ACID

A

ACH - Para(Muscarinic) ATROPINE

Histamine (Pyloric glands) - H2 - ZANTAC / PEPSID

Parietal cells (Para) Protein in stroma

OMEPRAZOLE - H/K ATPase Proton Pump inhibitor

Block H Exretion

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20
Q

3 Phases Of Acid Stimulation

Stim Parietal Cells Stomach

Intestine - protein Digestion Products

A

Cephalic(smell) - Para Vagus / Ach Gastrin

Gastic(distension) - Enteric Vago-Vagal - ACH Gastrin

Intestinal - Amino Acids in blood - Amino Acids

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21
Q

Superior Mesenteric Vessels

Just anterior to Duodenum

A

Most of Pancreas and Duodenum

Retro Peritoneal

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22
Q

Pancreatic Secretions

A

Neutralize PH Chyme - enzmes to work

Duct cells: CL shift

Cl into for HCO3

H to blood + ACID TIDE (Protect against alkaline)

NA to lumen H2O follow ISOTONICITY

Acinar cells - Pro-enzymes activated by trypsin

Na / Cl

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23
Q

CFTR

Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Reg

A

Cl out of cell to feul HCO3 exchanger

Uses ATP

Morbidity Lung infections

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24
Q

Regulation Of

Pancreatic Secretions

A

Seritonin

CCK - Trypsin

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25
Q

Functions of the Liver

A

Nutrient Stores - GLYCOGEN

Metabolic Conversions

CYTOCHROME P450 Enzyme System
Grapefruit juice decreases activity Statins

ITO Cell - Main store of retinal Esters in liver

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26
Q

ITO CELLS

A
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27
Q

Portal Hypertension

Venous obstruction , Occlusion

A

Asites

Splemomegaly

Hemroids

Eosophical Varicies

Caput Madusa

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28
Q

Biliary Tree / Gall Bladder

A

CCK - Contraction Blasser

Open Sphincter Of Oddi

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29
Q

Bilirubin

A

Jaundice

Ex Neonates UV light Break down Biliruben / Exessive breakdown of RBC / In utero more RBC Dt Low PO2

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30
Q

Regulation of Bile production

A

CCK

Secritin

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31
Q

GALLSTONES

A

Clinical

Px starts taking statins - (Excess cholesterol has to te removed)

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32
Q

Digestion

Carbohydrates

A
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33
Q

Digestion

PROTEINS

A
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34
Q

Double Bonded Lipid

Ex OMEGAS

A
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35
Q

Lipid Digestion

Lingual Lipase

Acid Lipase

Pancreactic Lipase

A

Micelle Structure moste Stable

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36
Q

Absorption of Vinamins And Iron

A

A D E K, Stored in cells

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37
Q

Endocrine Organs

A
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38
Q

Feedback Regulation Hormones

Mostly NEG feedback

A

LH hormone the exception, POS feedback LH surge just before ovulation

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39
Q

Steroids

40
Q

Polypetide and Protein Hormone production

A

Cleaved into subunits

ACTH - MSH

Corticosteroids - Melanin stim Hormone

41
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Anterior (Epithelial cells) - Tropic

Posterior( Medial emminance of CN Tissue)

42
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary axis

A

Post Pituitary Hormone Made by Hypothalamus

SECRETED by Post Pituatry

Oxytocin

ADH Vasopressin

43
Q

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

44
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

45
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormone

46
Q

ACTH Adenocorticotropic Hormone

A

ACTH + TRH(thyrotropin)

Cercadian Rythm release

Feedback only to Reticularis and Fasiclata

NOT Glomerulosa where only Aldosterone is made.

47
Q

Thyroid Gland:

A

T4 converted to T3 by Target cells

Bind to Tg(Thyroglobulin) in CALOID

Dietary Iodine important

THS stimulates reuptake of Tg and release from same cell

48
Q

Reverse T3

49
Q

Thyroid Hormone functions

50
Q

Goiter

51
Q

Growth Hormone

A

GH stimulates IGF 1 Insulin like Growth factor 1

Mitogenic factor mediates effects of growth Hormone

Too Much - Acromegaly

Too Little - Proportional Dwarfism

52
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Cortex (GLUCOCORTICOIDS): G - Aldosteroen

F - Cortisol

R - Androgens

Mudulla - Cathicholamines

53
Q

Adrenal Gland Cortex Hormone sythesis

Addisons

No feedback ACTH

MSH

Rate limmiting step

A

11 B hydroxylase Deficient Women

Backflow - Inc Androgens Verilization

Serious Reduced Cortisol

Angiotension 2

54
Q

Aldosterone

55
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Gives the brain what it needs

Hormone sensitve lipase

56
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

4 types of cells

57
Q

Insulin Structure

A

Better insulin responce to ORAL than IV

Incretin Efecct

SULFONY DRUGS effect

58
Q

CALCIUM Regulation

A

Calcitonin

Parathyroid Hormone - Vit D (Calcifarol pathway in gut for absorption)

59
Q

Vitamin D

A

Parathyroid

Activation of Mature Vit D

Facilitate the absorption of CA

by Ca binding protein

60
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Estrogen effect

protect bone - increase Kidney and Intestinal uptake

61
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A

Renin

Eurithropoiten

Acid Base Balance

Degrade insulin and Parathroid hormone

Na - H2O follows

62
Q

Body fluid Composition

A

42

14 / 28

10.5/3.5L plasma 25%

63
Q

Kidney function

Renal Clearance

64
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

GFR

110-125mm/min

A

Most accurate - INULIN

Inulin Clearance ratio

Daily practice : Endogenous creatin clearance

65
Q

Endogenous Creatine Clearance Rate

A

Constantly cleared, high value, slower clearance

66
Q

Substances not found in Urine (uria)

A

Fasting blood glucose diabetic 127 mg%

Threshold 180mg% - 200 before spilling into blood

Phenylketoria - Test newborn for enzyme

Cant bread down Phenylealamine to Thyrocine

newborm test / food lable warnings

67
Q

Renal bloodflow 20% of Cardiac output

A

Autoregulation of flow

Myogenic mechahisn

Tubulaoglomeric feedback

68
Q

Determinants of GFR

69
Q

Proximal Convulated tubule

Large amount of Reabsorption

A

Acetazolamide

Na / H Pump inactivated

Na Stay in lumen H2O follow excreted in Urine

70
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Furosemide (Assending Salts)

Blocks transporter for reabsorption CL K Na

HypoKalemia dt Duretic

Decending Only H20 leaves

71
Q

Distal Convulated Tubule

A

Thiazides

Impermeable to H2O unless - Aldosterone ADH

Na Ca pump interstitial side blocked

Ca Na3 pump (CA gradient created) that get upregulated by Parathyroid hormone to add Ca to the blood.

Large channel on lumen side thaCa enters

72
Q

Cortical Collecting Duct

Principal - Secrete K

K out side with smalle elec Potential DiFF

LOW BP - Adosterone Upregulates Na / H2O follows

A

Intercallated Cells - Acid Base

H K ATPase

More H pumped out the higher K

HyperKalemia

73
Q

Urinary Concentration and Dilution

2 counter current processes

Countercurrent Multipliers Loops of henle / Set up gradient

Countercurrent exchangers Vasa Recta / Prevents wash out

74
Q

Urea in Concentration Mechanism

75
Q

Dilute Urine ADH levels LOW

76
Q

Concentrated Urine ADH levels HIGH

77
Q

Diabetes INSIPIDUS

Polyuria

78
Q

Potasium Balance

K

A

Risk in Diabetic Px recieving Insulin

Hypokalemia

Insulin - uptake of K

79
Q

Emesis

Vometting

xtracellular fluid Volume contraction

A

H - loss

HCO3 increase Alkaline shift

Bigger issue - Ventilation + More HCO3 uptake

80
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Macula Densa

RENIN

A

RENIN Secretion

  1. Beta Adernergic stimulation SYMP
  2. Reduced Renal Perfusion pressure
    * *Detected By JG cells**
  3. Decreased NaCl reabsorption by Macula Densa It Reduction in GFR
81
Q

Renin

Angiotension

Aldosterone (Principal cell)

82
Q

Urinary Tract

A

Micturition

Detruser

Internal Sphincter

Para Symp S 2/3/4

83
Q

Male Reproductive system

Testosterone - testes

A

Lydig cells

Sertoli Cells

Seminal vesicle - Prostaglandins + Alkaline

84
Q

Hormone Regulation Male

A

FSH

LH

GnRH

Testosterone

85
Q

Erection - Parasymp Viagra

Ejaculation - Symp

86
Q

Oogenesis

Produces Haploid daughter cells

87
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Zona pellucida

Granulosa cells - Corpus luthium (maintain)

Theca Interna

Antrum - Estrodiol

88
Q

Menstral Cycle

A

Variation 1st half

Estrogen / Progesterone

LH surge ovulation

Corpus Luteun

89
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

1) Menses
2) Proliferative
3) Sectratory
4) Ischemic / Estrogen + Progesterone

90
Q

Menopause

A

Decr Estrogen Incr FSH

Parathyroid

Heart attack / Estrogen Vaso-dialator

91
Q

Fertalization

Day 8

92
Q

Hormonal levels during Pregnancy

93
Q

Lactogenesis

A

Colostrum

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Reduces - LH / FSH

94
Q

Oral contraception

95
Q

Morning After Pills

A

RU 486

PlanB a dose Progestin Levonorgestel

BRACA 1 Breast cancer

Systems Physiology (1 decks)

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