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Biology 106 > Cellular Respiration Review > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Chem. rxns. where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another

A

Redox Reactions

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2
Q

Molecules that can donate electrons; results in a decrease in potential energy

A

Reducing Agents

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3
Q

Molecules that can accept electrons; results in an increase in potential energy

A

Oxidizing Agents

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4
Q

Molecules that gain electrons after rxn.

A

Reduced

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5
Q

Molecules that lose electrons after rxn.

A

Oxidized

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6
Q

Most of the energy used to fuel cell function is in the form of what?

A

High-energy electrons

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7
Q

Loss of phosphate group from a molecule

A

Dephosphorylation

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8
Q

Why are phosphate groups inherently unstable?

A

They are negatively charged and repel one another when arranged in a series

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9
Q

What is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule?

A

Phosphorylation

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10
Q

Are phosphorylated molecules less stable?

A

Yes

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11
Q

How is ATP generated?

A

ADP undergoes phosphorylation (ADP + Pi = ATP)

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12
Q

What produces 90% of ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

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13
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + about 36 ATP

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14
Q

What are the metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC & Chemiosmosis)

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15
Q

How does glucose enter a cell?

A

Secondary active transport against a concentration gradient or GLUT proteins (facilitated diffusion)

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are the inputs for glycolysis?

A

1 glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, and 4 ADP

18
Q

What are the outputs for glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 ADP

19
Q

After the first half of glycolysis, why can’t glucose leave the cell via glucose transport proteins?

A

Negatively charged phosphate won’t allow glucose to cross plasma membrane

20
Q

What converts one isomer to another?

A

Isomerase

21
Q

How is glycolysis an example of end product inhibition?

A

More active when ADP is high and less active when ATP is high

22
Q

What are the 3 net changes in glycolysis?

A
  1. Glucose converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate
  2. 2 molecules of ADP converted to ATP
  3. 2 molecules of NAD+ reduced to NADH
23
Q

What happens to pyruvate if O2 is present?

A

Oxidized to acetyl CoA which enters CAC

24
Q

What happens to pyruvate if O2 is not present?

A

Reduced to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ for fermentation

25
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place in prokaryotes?

A

Plasma Membrane

27
Q

What are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 coenzyme A

28
Q

What are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA

29
Q

Why are the steps of the CAC a closed loop?

A

Last part of the pathway regenerates compounds needed in first step, allowing cycle to run continuously when reactants are present

30
Q

Outputs per glucose at the end of CAC

A

4 ATP, 6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

31
Q

What happens to glucose at the end of the CAC

A

It’s completely oxidized; all possible electrons have been removed

32
Q

Outputs of CAC

A

2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

33
Q

What is the only pathway where O2 is an input?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

34
Q

What provides the energy to power chemiosmosis?

A

H+ concentration gradient created by the ETC

35
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Series of e- transporters embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

What does the ETC do?

A

Shuttle e- from NADH and FADH2 to O2

37
Q

What happens to O2 in the ETC?

A

Reduced to form H2O

38
Q

How does chemiosmosis form ATP?

A

Uses KE from protons falling down H+ gradient to form ATP from ADP + Pi

39
Q

How much ATP is generated by cellular respiration per glucose?

A

30-36

40
Q

Why must cellular respiration be regulated?

A
  1. Provide balanced amt. of energy in form of ATP without being wasteful
  2. Generate a number of intermediate compounds that are used in forming macromolecules
41
Q

How are carbs stored for short-term use in animals?

A

As glycogen in liver and muscle tissue

42
Q

What dietary sugars produce the same number of ATP molecules as glucose?

A

Fructose & Galactose

Biology 106 (5 decks)

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