Cellular Respiration Bio Bits Flashcards
What defines NAD+
Coenzyme
What kind of reaction occurs when the reactants have more free energy than the products?
Exergonic Reaction
What kind of process is cellular respiration?
Oxidative Process
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen Gas
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP
What step acts as a regulator for the rate of glycolysis?
PFK
Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the final product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvate are the net products of what?
Glycolysis
What is the phosphorylation of glucose step important during glycolysis?
Traps glucose inside the cell
What is the first enzyme to work on glucose in glycolysis?
Hexokinase
In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?
Cytosol and Mitochondrial Matrix
The conversion of glucose into pyruvate is which step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
How much NET ATP is formed in glycolysis?
2 ATP
Through which process is ATP formed in glycolysis?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Which enzyme aids in the initial phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?
Hexokinase
What is the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in cellular respiration?
Adds the second phosphate to glucose
- Irreversible step
- Commits the glucose to glycolysis
Why is ADP more stable that ATP?
ATP features high-energy phosphate bonds, which is why it’s used as the energy molecule but also why it is unstable
After glucose is phosphorylated for the SECOND time during glycolysis, it becomes ____?
Fructose 1,6- Bisphosphate
What is produced from one glucose molecule?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2CO2
Which step of cellular respiration transforms pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
Which processes produce NADH?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- Krebs Cycle
Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?
Mitochondrial Matrix
During pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate forms into _____?
Acetyl-CoA
What does Acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?
Oxaloacetate
How many intermediates are present in the Krebs Cycle?
8
What are the products from each pyruvate molecule in the Citric Acid Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, 2CO2
In what process is GTP produced in the Krebs Cycle?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
What is the net production in the Krebs Cycle after two pyruvates are introduced?
6NADH, 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2
Which process produce FADH2?
Krebs Cyclc
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Which two steps of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondrial matrix?
Pyruvate Decarboxylation and Krebs Cycle
What is the product of the first step in the citric acid cycle?
Citrate
What is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?
Oxaloacetate
In the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of GTP are produced per one molecule of glucose?
Two
In the Krebs Cycle, how many FADH2 are produced per one molecule of pyruvate?
1
What is produced from one pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?
1 Acetyl-CoA, 1NADH, and 1CO2
Which enzyme catalyzes pyruvate decarboxylation?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Creating an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthase is the main purpose of what?
Electron Transport Chain
ATP is a _____
RNA Nucleotide
The oxidation of which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?
NADH and FADH2
The electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into which form of energy following ATP Synthase?
Kinetic Energy
How do hydrogen ions flow in chemiosmosis?
Intermembrane Space to Mitochondrial Matrix
Why is ATP an unstable molecule?
Has three negatively charged phosphate groups
The change from a _____ stable molecule to a _____ stable molecule always releases energy (exergonic)
Less, More
- Formation of ADP
Which of the steps in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?
Chemiosmosis
Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What is the location of water formation in the Electron Transport Chain?
Complex IV
ADP + P converts back to ATP via
ATP Synthase
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
O2
Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?
Plasma membrane
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Electron Transport Chain
What conversion occurs in oxidative phosphorylation
ADP –> ATP
What catalyzes the conversion of ADP into ATP in the electron transport chain?
ATP Synthase
What is produced with the final electron acceptor (O2) of the electron transport chain?
Water
In electron transport, hydrogen ions flow from the _____ to the _____
Mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space
What distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy production?
Eukaryotes need to transfer two NADH
What process involves a series of redox reactions along the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Electron Transport Chain
What are considered to be anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis and fermentation
What is a crucial aspect for the continuation of glycolysis and developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?
NAD+
What regenerates NAD+ without the presence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What are the intermediates in alcohol fermentation?
Acetaldehyde and CO2
What is the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation?
Acetaldehyde
What is most likely occurring to human muscle cells during physically difficult and rapid exercises?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation use what as a reactant?
Pyruvate
In the presence of excess ATP, what occurs to the lactate created from lactic acid fermentation?
Converted to glucose
What aids in NAD+ regeneration for aerobic respiration?
O2
What is the most unfavorable energy source?
Proteins
Which organ deaminates the amino acids that enter the human body?
Liver
What process separates ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans?
Oxidative deamination
Beta oxidative catabolizes _____
Fatty Acids
What is the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrates in the liver and kidneys?
Gluconeogenesis
What is stored after hefty meals by humans?
Glycogen
What aids in storing glucose as glycogen?
Insulin
What causes the break down of glycogen?
Glucagon
What occurs to disaccharides when the human body uses alternative carbohydrate energy sources?
Hydrolyzed into monosaccharides
What part of our bodies store glycogen in large amounts?
Skeletal muscle and liver cells
Triglycerides in the small intestine are broken down into _____
Glycerol and fatty acids
Elevated blood glucose levels, especially after large meals, could include a malfunctioning ____(organ)?
Pancreas
What is used to break down triglycerides?
Lipases
What do fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis in animal cellular respiration?
PGAL
What is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?
Glycerol
Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?
Mitochondrial matrix
In humans, ammonia gets converted into _____
Urea
In plants, cellular respiration occurs in the _____
Mitochondria
In humans, every two carbon cuts in saturated fats produce _____
1NADH and 1FADH2
