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DAT BIOBITS > Cellular Respiration Bio Bits > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Bio Bits Flashcards

1
Q

What defines NAD+

A

Coenzyme

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2
Q

What kind of reaction occurs when the reactants have more free energy than the products?

A

Exergonic Reaction

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3
Q

What kind of process is cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative Process

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4
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and Oxygen Gas

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5
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP

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6
Q

What step acts as a regulator for the rate of glycolysis?

A

PFK

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7
Q

Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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9
Q

2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 Pyruvate are the net products of what?

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

What is the phosphorylation of glucose step important during glycolysis?

A

Traps glucose inside the cell

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11
Q

What is the first enzyme to work on glucose in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase

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12
Q

In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?

A

Cytosol and Mitochondrial Matrix

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13
Q

The conversion of glucose into pyruvate is which step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

How much NET ATP is formed in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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15
Q

Through which process is ATP formed in glycolysis?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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16
Q

Which enzyme aids in the initial phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase

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17
Q

What is the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in cellular respiration?

A

Adds the second phosphate to glucose

  • Irreversible step
  • Commits the glucose to glycolysis
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18
Q

Why is ADP more stable that ATP?

A

ATP features high-energy phosphate bonds, which is why it’s used as the energy molecule but also why it is unstable

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19
Q

After glucose is phosphorylated for the SECOND time during glycolysis, it becomes ____?

A

Fructose 1,6- Bisphosphate

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20
Q

What is produced from one glucose molecule?

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2CO2

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21
Q

Which step of cellular respiration transforms pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

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22
Q

Which processes produce NADH?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Krebs Cycle
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23
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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24
Q

During pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate forms into _____?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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25
Q

What does Acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?

A

Oxaloacetate

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26
Q

How many intermediates are present in the Krebs Cycle?

A

8

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27
Q

What are the products from each pyruvate molecule in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, 2CO2

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28
Q

In what process is GTP produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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29
Q

What is the net production in the Krebs Cycle after two pyruvates are introduced?

A

6NADH, 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2

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30
Q

Which process produce FADH2?

A

Krebs Cyclc

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31
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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32
Q

Which two steps of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylation and Krebs Cycle

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33
Q

What is the product of the first step in the citric acid cycle?

A

Citrate

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34
Q

What is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

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35
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, how many molecules of GTP are produced per one molecule of glucose?

A

Two

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36
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, how many FADH2 are produced per one molecule of pyruvate?

A

1

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37
Q

What is produced from one pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?

A

1 Acetyl-CoA, 1NADH, and 1CO2

38
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

39
Q

Creating an electrochemical gradient to power ATP synthase is the main purpose of what?

A

Electron Transport Chain

40
Q

ATP is a _____

A

RNA Nucleotide

41
Q

The oxidation of which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?

A

NADH and FADH2

42
Q

The electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into which form of energy following ATP Synthase?

A

Kinetic Energy

43
Q

How do hydrogen ions flow in chemiosmosis?

A

Intermembrane Space to Mitochondrial Matrix

44
Q

Why is ATP an unstable molecule?

A

Has three negatively charged phosphate groups

45
Q
A
46
Q

The change from a _____ stable molecule to a _____ stable molecule always releases energy (exergonic)

A

Less, More

  • Formation of ADP
47
Q
A
48
Q

Which of the steps in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?

A

Chemiosmosis

49
Q

Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

What is the location of water formation in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Complex IV

51
Q

ADP + P converts back to ATP via

A

ATP Synthase

52
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

O2

52
Q

Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?

A

Plasma membrane

52
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Electron Transport Chain

52
Q

What conversion occurs in oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP –> ATP

52
Q

What catalyzes the conversion of ADP into ATP in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP Synthase

53
Q

What is produced with the final electron acceptor (O2) of the electron transport chain?

A

Water

54
Q

In electron transport, hydrogen ions flow from the _____ to the _____

A

Mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space

55
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy production?

A

Eukaryotes need to transfer two NADH

56
Q

What process involves a series of redox reactions along the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Electron Transport Chain

57
Q

What are considered to be anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis and fermentation

58
Q

What is a crucial aspect for the continuation of glycolysis and developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?

A

NAD+

59
Q

What regenerates NAD+ without the presence of oxygen?

A

Fermentation

60
Q

What are the intermediates in alcohol fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde and CO2

61
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation?

A

Acetaldehyde

62
Q

What is most likely occurring to human muscle cells during physically difficult and rapid exercises?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

63
Q

Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation use what as a reactant?

A

Pyruvate

64
Q

In the presence of excess ATP, what occurs to the lactate created from lactic acid fermentation?

A

Converted to glucose

65
Q

What aids in NAD+ regeneration for aerobic respiration?

A

O2

66
Q

What is the most unfavorable energy source?

A

Proteins

67
Q

Which organ deaminates the amino acids that enter the human body?

A

Liver

68
Q

What process separates ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans?

A

Oxidative deamination

69
Q

Beta oxidative catabolizes _____

A

Fatty Acids

70
Q
A
71
Q

What is the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrates in the liver and kidneys?

A

Gluconeogenesis

72
Q

What is stored after hefty meals by humans?

A

Glycogen

73
Q

What aids in storing glucose as glycogen?

A

Insulin

74
Q

What causes the break down of glycogen?

A

Glucagon

75
Q

What occurs to disaccharides when the human body uses alternative carbohydrate energy sources?

A

Hydrolyzed into monosaccharides

76
Q
A
77
Q

What part of our bodies store glycogen in large amounts?

A

Skeletal muscle and liver cells

78
Q

Triglycerides in the small intestine are broken down into _____

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

79
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels, especially after large meals, could include a malfunctioning ____(organ)?

A

Pancreas

80
Q

What is used to break down triglycerides?

A

Lipases

81
Q

What do fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis in animal cellular respiration?

A

PGAL

82
Q

What is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?

A

Glycerol

83
Q

Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

84
Q

In humans, ammonia gets converted into _____

A

Urea

85
Q

In plants, cellular respiration occurs in the _____

A

Mitochondria

86
Q

In humans, every two carbon cuts in saturated fats produce _____

A

1NADH and 1FADH2

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