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11 Human Biology > Cellular Respiration and Cells > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration and Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals.

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2
Q

What is the function of Cytoplasm?

A

The substance in which the cell contents are suspended. It is 70-90% water, and salts and carbohydrates are dissolved in the cytoplasm.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Plasma Membrane?

A

Also called the Cell Membrane. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the function of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The channels of membranes forming the endoplasmic reticulum connect to the nuclear membrane. The channels are for storing or transporting the ER.

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5
Q

What is the function of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

A

Contains the hereditary information. These long threads of DNA thicken and coil to become chromosomes when the cell divides.

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6
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria/Mitochondrion?

A

The site of cellular respiration. The chemical reaction makes energy available for the cell.

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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosome?

A

These membrane bound organelles are made by the Golgi body. They contain enzymes that can break down large molecules. They digest old organelles and molecules.

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8
Q

What is the function of Nuclear Pore?

A

These gaps in the nuclear membrane enable large molecules to enter and leave the nucleus.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Nuclear Membrane?

A

This is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

A

Plays a part in the manufacture of proteins.

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11
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Read the RNA to create proteins.

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12
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

A

Flattened stacks of membranes package proteins that are then secreted from the cell.

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13
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

A double lipid layer that forms the outer boundary of the cell and contrasts the entry and exit of materials from the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Explain the structure of Cellular Transport.

A

The membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer. Proteins and cholesterol and embedded in the membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable - i.e. it allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

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15
Q

What are the methods of transport across cell membranes?

A
  1. Diffusion: Osmosis.
  2. Active Transport.
  3. Vesicular Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis.
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16
Q

Explain Diffusion.

A

Is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. The process is passive i.e. it requires no energy from the cell.

17
Q

What is the Concentration Gradient?

A

When the concentration of a substance is different at two places the substances will diffuse along the concentration gradient until the concentration of the two areas becomes equal.

18
Q

Explain Osmosis.

A

This is the diffusion of water across a membrane. In osmosis, water moves to the hypertonic side (the side with a high solute (salt/sugar) concentration).

19
Q

What word means a high concentration of solutes?

A

Hypertonic.

20
Q

What word means a low concentration of solutes?

A

Hypotonic.

21
Q

Explain Active Transport.

A

Active Transport requires energy (ATP). Substances move from low concentration to high concentration (i.e. against the concentration gradient).

22
Q

Explain Vesicular Transport.

A

An active process in which materials move to and out of the cell enclosed in as vesicles (bubble-like structures surrounded by a membrane). There are 2 types: endocytosis and exocytosis.

23
Q

Explain Endocytosis.

A

There are 2 specific types: pinocytosis (cell taking liquids) and phagocytosis (cell taking solids). Both processes involve cells absorbing large particles such as proteins or even bacteria and viruses from the outside by engulfing them with their cell membrane to form a vesicle within the cytosol.

24
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

When the contents of a vesicle are pushed out of the cell membrane.

25
Q

What do every cell in our body needs?

A

Oxygen.

26
Q

What is the word equation of Cellular Respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

27
Q

What is the chemical equation of Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 +602 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

28
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

Used to get energy from foods.

29
Q

What is one of the main ways in which cells gain energy?

A

To fuel their cellular activity.

30
Q

What does the energy is stored in a molecule called?

A

The energy is stored in a molecule called ATP, which must be expelled. This is done through exhalation.

31
Q

Explain what do our cells need?

A

Our cells need the energy to do work. Oxygen is essential so that our cells that make our tissues, organs, organ systems and bodies can do their jobs.

32
Q

What happens to our respiratory system if the amount of energy we use changes?

A

Must adjust so that our cells can continue to produce enough energy.

33
Q

What does our respiratory system adjust?

A

Our respiratory system adjusts to changing energy requirements by adjusting our breathing rate.

34
Q

What is an example of Cellular Respiration?

A

During exercise, where our cells require a lot of energy, our breathing rate increases so that each cell gets more oxygen and can make more energy.

35
Q

In contrast, what happens to our breathing rate if our energy requirements decrease such as when we are sleeping?

A

Our breathing rate decreases so that each cell gets enough oxygen to make the energy required and no more.

36
Q

Which reactant is the body’s main energy source?

A

Glucose (blood sugar).

37
Q

What does Cellular Respiration occur?

A

Cellular Respiration occurs in every blood cell when oxygen reacts with glucose to free its energy in chemical form.

38
Q

What are the end products in Cellular Respiration?

A

The end products are carbon dioxide and water, which is known as metabolic water and amounts to about 300ml daily throughout the body.

39
Q

What does the whole process of Cellular Respiration called?

A

The whole process is called aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular, or internal, respiration.

11 Human Biology (1 decks)

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