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Biology 108 Test #2 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is catabolism? What are some examples?

A

The breakdown of organic molecules to smaller components while releasing energy (exergonic) THINK “CLEAVE” Fermentation, Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

What molecule is the primary molecule used as fuel in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Describe the energy content of an electron in relation to its distance from the nucleus.

A

An electron has more energy to release the further it is from the nucleus As the electron moves closer to the nucleus energy is released. THIS IS A STEP BY STEP PROCESS SO ENERGY IS RELEASED IN SMALL AMOUNTS SO IT CAN BE EFFICIENTLY USED.

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4
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction described as the transfer of electrons from one substance to another (common in form of H).

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5
Q

What is the oxidation half of a redox reaction?

A

A substance is oxidized when it loses it electron.

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6
Q

What is the reduction half of a redox reaction?

A

A substance is reduced when it gains an electron (reducing the charge)

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7
Q

What is the reducing agent?

A

a reducing agent is the agent that is the electron donor

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8
Q

What is the oxidizing agent?

A

The oxidizing agent is the agent that accepts the electron.

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9
Q

In cellular respiration, a sequence of steps is used to oxidize what and reduce what?

A

Oxidize glucose (6CO2) and reduce oxygen (6H2O) + energy (ATP & heat)

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10
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

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11
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem as light and through photosynthesis and cellular respiration is eventually released as heat energy, is this system open or closed?

A

OPEN

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12
Q

Which process was likely a universal step of cellular respiration that occurred in our ancestors before there was oxygen in our atmosphere?

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

What percentage of energy from glucose is harnessed in ATP?

A

ONLY 34%, rest is lost as heat

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14
Q

Where is the energy located in glucose?

A

IN THE BONDS in the form of electrons.

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15
Q

What are NAD+ and FAD?

A

Coenzymes that accept electrons (oxidizing agents)

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16
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 have?

A

stored energy that can be used to make ATP.

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17
Q

Where does NADH and FADH2 take their electons to?

A

The electron transport chain.

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18
Q

Is the transfer of electrons from NADH to its final acceptor (1/2 O2) done in one explosive release of energy? Why or why not?

A

NO In controlling the release of energy in small bits it can be used to produce ATP.

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19
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration, their general purpose, and where do they take place? What step links stage 1 and 2?

A

Glycolysis - breaks down glucose to 2 pyruvates in the cytosol Citric acid cycle - Completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix Oxidative Phosphorylation - accounts for majority of ATP production in the inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria Pyruvate oxidation links 1 & 2 - this is how the 2 pyruvate are tuned into 2 acetyl CoA to enter the citric acid cycle

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20
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis? What are the products of glycolysis? How many carbons of glucose and how many carbons in pyruvate?

A

Energy investment phase - 2 ATP used Energy payoff phase - 4 ATP formed (2 ATP net gain) 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 6C in glucose 3C in each pyruvate

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21
Q

How are the ATP formed during glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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22
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate with phosphate group and ADP molecule both attach to an enzyme where the phosphate group is transferred to the ADP to form ATP.

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23
Q

What must be present for pyruvate to enter the mitchondrion?

A

O2

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24
Q

What must happen to pyruvate before the citric acid cycle can begin? What are the products of this process? How many carbons per molecule after this process?

A

pyruvate must be oxidated to acetyl CoA FOR EACH PYRUVATE: 1 CO2 (by-product) 1 NADH 1 acetyl CoA 2C per acetyl CoA

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25
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

Krebs cycle

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26
Q

What are the products of ONE acetyl CoA going through the citric acid cycle?

A

1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2 (also 2 CO2 as by-product) REMEMBER TO MULTIPLE THIS BY 2 FOR A PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE TOTAL

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27
Q

How are the ATP from the citric acid cycle formed?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

28
Q

What does the molecule of acetyl CoA bind to to begin the citric acid cycle? what does it form?

A

Oxaloacetate Citric Acid CITRIC ACID IS THEN CHANGED BACK TO OXALOACETATE (THE CYCLE)

29
Q

After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle where is most of the energy extracted from food accounted for in?

A

NADH and FADH2

30
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 once produced and what do they do?

A

They go to the inner membrane (cristae) to donate their electrons to the ETC to power chemiosmosis

31
Q

What is the electron transport chain composed of?

A

multiprotein complexes including cytochromes (each have an iron atom).

32
Q

How are electrons transported down the ETC?

A

Redox reactions carriers alternate being oxidized and reduced.

33
Q

What happens to the free energy of the electrons as they travel down the ETC?

A

It decreases as small amounts are released step by step as it goes down the ETC.

34
Q

Once the electrons have passed through the final complex in the ETC where do they attach?

A

attach to 1/2O2 to form H2O

35
Q

What is the function of the ETC?

A

To release the energy from electrons in manageable amounts to use to create the proton gradient used in oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

H+ (protons) are transported form where to where using the energy released from the ETC?

A

The mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

37
Q

What is the point of transporting the H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space using the ETC?

A

to create a proton gradient (proton-motive force) that makes the h+ pass through an ATP synthase channel (enzyme) to create ATP from ADP.

38
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

When energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work.

39
Q

What are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. ETC 2. Chemiosmosis
40
Q

BE ABLE TO DRAW THIS

A
41
Q

What is the sequence most energy flows in starting with glucose?

A

Glucose–NADH–ETC–proton-motive force–ATP

42
Q

How many protons are required per ATP? How many protons does NADH and FADH2 tranfer?

Based on these values how much ATP does one NADH and one FADH2 make?

A

4 protons per ATP

NADH transports 10 protons - makes 2.5 ATP

FADH2 transports 6 protons - makes 1.5 ATP

43
Q

How many ATP are made during cellular respirations using glucose?

A

32

44
Q

What changes between the complexes in the ETC that helps the transport of the electron?

A

they become increasingly electronegative

45
Q

Why does NADH pump more protons than FADH2?

A

NADH adds its protons to complex 1 of the ETC while FADH2 adds it protons to complex 2.

46
Q

How many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in total in the process of cellular respiration? Break this down by each step. What are the other products as well as by-products of each step?

A

Glycolysis - 2 NADH and 2 ATP ( also 2 pyruvate and 2 H2O)

Pyruvate Oxidation - 2 NADH (2 CO2 and 2 acetyl CoA)

Citric Acid Cycle - 2 ATP 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (4 CO2)

Oxidative Phosphorylation - 28 ATP (also H2O)

TOTAL: 32 ATP

47
Q

What are two things that can happen when O2 is low or is absent to produce ATP?

A

FERMENTATION

or

Anaerobic Respiration (dont focus on this)

48
Q

What does fermentation consist of?

A

glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation to produce 2 ATP) + reactions that regenerate NAD+ to be reused by glycolysis

49
Q

What is the ULTIMATE purpose of fermentation?

A

To regenerate NAD+ from NADH so it can be reused in glycolysis when O2 isnt present for use in ETC.

50
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Alcohol femrentation

Lactic Acid fermentation

51
Q

In both types of fermentation glycolysis occures which forms 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH, and 2 ATP, how does each type of fermentation then convert NADH back to NAD+?

A

Alcohol - pyruvate in converted to 2acetaldehyde (2CO2 byproduct) which is reduced by NADH to make 2 ethanol and NAD+

Lactic Acid - glycolysis make 2 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate, the pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form 2 lactate. regenerating NAD+. NO CO2 RELEASED.

52
Q

Where can alcohol femrentation be used in?

A

Brewing, winemaking, and baking.

53
Q

Where is lactic acid fermentation common?

A

Some fungi to make cheese and yogurt

human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce.

54
Q

Can lactate be reverted back to pyruvate at a later date when O2 is present?

A

YES

55
Q

How inefficient is fermentation in comparison to aerobic cellular respiration?

A

32 ATP per glucose for cellular respiration

2 ATP per glucose for fermentaion

1/16 the production

56
Q

What are the final electron acceptors in cellular respiration, alcohol fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation?

A

cellular respiration - O2

Lactic acid fermentation - pyruvate

Alcohol fermentation - acetaldehyde

57
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Obligated not to use O2, can be poisoned by O2. CARRY OUT FERMENTATION

58
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

59
Q

Where is the fork in the road for a facultative anaerobe where it has to decide whether to go into fermentation or cellular respiration?

A

After pyruvate is produced, this decision will be based on the presence of O2.

60
Q

Does glycolysis occur in nearly all organisms?

A

YES

61
Q

Where did glycolysis come from?

A

evolved from ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere.

62
Q

Do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to other metabolic pathway?

A

YES, in both catabolism and anabolism.

63
Q

Give some examples of how other catabolic pathyways are connected to the citric acid cycle or glycolysis.

A

glycolysis accepts many different carbohydrates

proteins are digested to amino acids, amino groups can be removed and carbon skeletons be used to feed glycolysis or citric acid cycle

fats are broken down to glycerol used in glycolysis as well as fatty acids which can be broken down to acetyl CoA (MORE PRODUCTIVE OF ATP THAN GLUCOSE PER GRAM)

64
Q

What is the basic description of feedback inhibition of ATP production?

A

When ATP is low production speeds up and when ATP is plentiful production slows down.

65
Q

What is the role of ATP in the feedback inhibition of its production?`

A

ATP itself inhibits phosphofructokinase (enzyme) in glycolysis which slows cellular respiration (ATP prduction)

66
Q

What else other than ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase?

A

citrate (product of citric acid cycle)

67
Q

What is AMP? When would it build up? Knowing what would cause it to build up, what would you think its action is in the feedback inhibition of ATP production?

A

Adenosine monophosphate

when ATP levels are low

increases ATP production

Biology 108 Test #2 (5 decks)

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