Cellular Respiration

Question 1

What is

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

a series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to convert energy from food molecules (like glucose) into a usable form - ATP - by using oxygen

releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

Adenosine triphosphate

an energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things

a nucleotide with three phosphates

Question 3

ATP Structure

Answer 3

Adenine (nitrogenous base), 5-carbon sugar, three phosphates

Question 4

What is the role of ATP in cells?

Answer 4

provides readily available energy within the cell, fuels muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmission, protein synthesis, and DNA replication
- serves as the “energy currency” of the cell

Question 5

ADP

Answer 5

Adenosine Diphosphate

the hydrolysis of ATP: ADP + 1 phosphate

Question 6

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 6

a biological process where cells convert glucose into energy (ATP) in the presence of oxygen

Question 7

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 7

a metabolic process where cells produce energy (ATP) without the presence of oxygen

glycolysis + fermentation = lactic acid

Question 8

Lactic Acid

Answer 8

a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy

Question 9

Reduction

Answer 9

a chemical reaction where an atom, ion, or molecule gains electrons

Question 10

Oxidation

Answer 10

a chemical reaction where an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons

Question 11

Redox Reaction

Answer 11

a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species

Question 12

What does it mean when a molecule is

Reduced

Answer 12

has gained electrons, resulting in a more negative charge

Question 13

What does it mean when a molecule is

Oxidized

Answer 13

has lost electrons, resulting in a more positive charge

Question 14

Variables that affect the rate of respiration

Answer 14

temperature, glucose and oxygen levels

Question 15

How do you calculate the rate of respiration?

Answer 15

rate of respiration = change in CO2/time elapsed

Question 16

Coenzyme

Answer 16

an organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

A substance that enhances the action of an enzyme

Question 17

NAD

Answer 17

the main electron carrier used to temporarily store energy during cellular respiration

Question 18

FAD

Answer 18

second electron carrier in cellular respiration

a coenzyme

Question 19

Pyruvate

Answer 19

the end product of glycolysis

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

converts glucose into pyruvate and ATP

takes place in the cytoplasm

Question 21

Phosphorylation

Answer 21

A process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, such as a sugar or a protein

Question 22

Decarboxylation

Answer 22

a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide

Question 23

Link Reaction

Answer 23

connects the products of glycolysis (pyruvate) to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

Question 24

Krebs Cycle

Answer 24

acetyl-CoA goes through a cyclical metabolic process which produces NADH, FADH, and CO2

Question 25

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 25

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions | found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

Question 26

Chemiosmosis

Answer 26

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 27

ATP Synthase

Answer 27

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP using ADP and phosphate

Question 28

Lipid and Carbohydrates as Respiratory Substrates

Answer 28

lipids generally provide more energy per gram than carbohydrates due to their higher proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 29

How is lactate formed in muscle cells?

Answer 29

When pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions such as low oxygen levels during exercise

Question 30

How is Ethanol formed in yeast cells?

Answer 30

Ethanol is formed in yeast cells through a process called alcoholic fermentation, where yeast breaks down glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen | under anaerobic conditions

Question 31

What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis?

Answer 31

reactants = glucose products = 2 pyruvates, 2 ATPs, and 2 NADH

Question 32

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Answer 32

In the cytoplasm

Question 33

What is the net ATP production of Glycolysis?

Answer 33

2 ATP molecules per 1 glucose

Question 34

What are the reactants and products of the Link Reaction?

Answer 34

reactants = pyruvate, NAD+, pyruvate and coenzyme A products = CO2 + Acetyl-CoA

Question 35

Where does the Link Reaction occur?

Answer 35

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

What are the reactants and products of the Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 36

reactants = Acetyl-CoA, H2O, and NAD+ products = CO2, NADH, and FADH

Question 37

Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?

Answer 37

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 38

What coenzymes are produced in the Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 38

NADH2 and FADH2

Question 39

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

Answer 39

the mitochondria

Question 40

How is the proton gradient formed in the ETC?

Answer 40

As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H+ ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient.