Cellular respiration Flashcards
in citric acid cycle, what happens to NAD+
electrons are passed to it and its reduced to NADH
in citric acid cycle, what happens to FAD
electrons are passed to it, reduced to FADH2
is ATP produced or used in citric acid cycle
produced
how many turns of citric acid cycle does complete oxidation of glucose require
2
Overall, 1 turn of citric acid cycle/glucose
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
total production/glucose (glycolysis + Krebs)
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2
what are the 2 mobile e- carriers in ETC
coenzyme Q and cytochrome Q
what does complex II do
shuttles e- from FADH2 to coenzyme Q
what are the 3 functions of ETC
- e- transferred from carrier to carrier
- e- drop in free E as they move from carrier to carrier: E released to pump H+ into intermb space
- ETC generates H+ gradient: used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis
from who does complex I receive electrons
NADH
what does coenzyme Q receive e- from
complex I or FADH2 (via complex II)
where does complex III receive its e-s from
coenzyme Q
what does complex III contain
cytochromes
what does cytochrome c receive its e- from
complex III
where does complex IV get its e-s from
cytochrome C
does complex IV contain cytochromes
yes
what does complex IV do other than pumping H+
transfers e- to O2 producing H2O
what enzyme catalyzes ADP+ Pi -> ATP
ATP synthase
what happens to H+ once it passes through ATP synthase
diffuses back into mitochondrial matrix
in mitochondria, what has a higher H+ concentration, intermb space or matrix
intermb space
where do the 6 CO2 produced/ glucose come from
- 2 CO2 from pyruvate oxidation
- 4 CO2 from CA cycle
where do the 32 ATP produced/ glucose come from
4 ATP:
- glycolysis (2 ATP)
- citric acid cycle (2 ATP)
(both substrate level phosphorylation)
28 ATP
- NADH = 25 ATP (2.5 ATP/NADH) so 10 NADH
- FADH2= 3 ATP (1 FADH2=1.5 ATP) so 2 FADH2
what other organic molecules can CR extract energy from
protein, fats
how does cellular respiration work from protein
protein –(hydrolysis)–> A.A.—-> pyruvate, Acetyl CoA or a-ketoglutarate
(NH3 excreted in form of ammonia/uria in process called deamination)
how does cellular respiration work from fats
fats—-(hydrolysis)—> glycerol—-> G3P
and
fats—-(hydrolysis)—> fatty acids—-> Acetyl-CoA
oxidation of 1g of fat produces ___ as much ATP as 1 g of carbs
2x
why do cells regulate rates
responding to metabolic needs
what is phosphofructokinase allosterically regulated by
ATP and AMP
when there is high ATP, what happens to phosphofructokinase
ATP inhibits
when there is low ATP, what happens to phosphofructokinase
AMP activates (bc low ATP=high ADP/AMP)
when there is high citrate, what happens to phosphofructokinase
inhibited by citrate
does fermentation need O2
no
what is fermentation
anaerobic catabolism of organic molecules (production of ATP without O2)
how does fermentation produce ATP w/o oxygen
ATP produced by glycolysis only
2ATP/glucose
what are the 2 types of fermentation
- alcohol fermentation
- lactic acid fermentation
for alcohol fermentation, what 2 steps are used to convert pyruvate to ethanol
- glycolysis
glucose—-> 2 pyruvate ——> 2 acetaldehyde + 2 CO2
PRODUCTS: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 CO2, 2 acetaldehyde - 2 acetaldehyde —-> 2 ethanol
PRODUCTS: 2 ethanol, 2 NAD+
how does lactic acid fermentation turn glucose to lactate
glucose ——> 2 pyruvate ——> 2 lactate
PRODUCTS: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (GET USED TO MAKE 2 NAD+)
