Cellular Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
Who utilizes photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration
A
Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
2
Q
What 3 things does photosynthesis need
A
CO2 , H2O and sunlight energy
3
Q
What is the Chemical equation for Photosynthesis
A
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight →→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
4
Q
What is the main function of Photosynthesis?
A
To manufacture organic food molecules
5
Q
What is the main function of Cellular Respiration?
A
To harvest the chemical energy of organic food molecules
6
Q
What does Cellular Respiration produce?
A
CO2 , H2O and ATP energy for cellular work
7
Q
What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?
A
C6H12O6 →→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
8
Q
Nutrients ______ and energy ____.
A
Cycles ; flows
9
Q
What does Cellular respiration convert into ATP energy required for all cellular work?
A
Chemical energy of food molecules (glucose)
10
Q
What is the name for hydrogens being transferred from glucose to oxygen? (Cellular respiration)
A
Redox reactions
Note: removal of hydrogens yields carbon dioxide and the addition of hydrogens yields water
11
Q
Oxidation vs Reduction
A
Oxidation = loss of electrons
Reduction = gain of electrons
**OIL RIG
12
Q
Glucose is ________ into carbon dioxide and Oxygen is _______ into water
A
Oxidized ; reduced
13
Q
What is it called when oxidation and reduction occurs together?
A
Reduction-oxidation AKA redox reaction
14
Q
What occurs in the cytosol (fluid) of a cell?
A
Glycolysis
15
Q
What molecules does glycolysis produce?
A
2 ATP & 2 NADH
16
Q
What 2 systems occur in the matrix of the mitochondria?
A
Pyruvate Oxidation and The Citric Acid Cycle
17
Q
What 2 coenzymes are relevant in CR
A
NADH (niacin) and FADH2 (riboflavin)
18
Q
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
A
In the cristae of a cell’s mitochondria
19
Q
How is ATP formed in glycolysis?
A
Substrate-level phosphate
20
Q
Oxidation of NADH = _____
Reduction of NAD+ = ____
A
NAD+ ; NADH
21
Q
What does the Pyruvate oxidation reactions produce? (Hint: 3 things = 6 molecules)
A
2 CO2 molecules, 2 NADH molecules, 2 acetyl molecules
22
Q
What is the 2-carbon acetic acid bonded to a 4-carbon molecule called (citric acid cycle)?
A
Oxaloacetate
23
Q
Where does a small amount of ATP and most of glucose’s energy remain?
A
NADH and FADH2
24
Q
In the citric acid cycle, how is ATP produced?
A
Substrate-level phosphorylation
25
What is the general function of an electron transport chain?
Energy is released by the transfer of electrons during a redox reaction involving oxygen
26
Electrons ____ from glucose to oxygen. (Hint: oxygen pulls electrons toward itself)
“Fall”
27
____ & _____ begin at the top of the electron transport chain and ______ is positioned at the bottom.
NADH ; FADH2 ; oxygen
28
When energy move AGAINST their concentration gradient?
Electron transport chain
29
What is ATP synthase?
Specific membrane enzyme
30
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The spinning of ATP synthase adds a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP
31
____________ is the anaerobic conversion of food’s chemical energy into ATP energy.(Hint: does not require oxygen)
Fermentation
32
Fermentation is a modified __________ stage.
Glycolysis
33
What step does fermentation NOT have?
Electron transport chain
34
Pyruvate is reduced when…?
NADH is oxidized to back to NADH+
35
What are the results of lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid and 2 ATP per glucose molecule
36
During _______ exercise, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, dellivering sufficient ATP energy to muscle cells
Aerobic
37
When the oxygen supply can no longer meet demand, muscles switch to _________ lactic acid fermentation
Anaerobic
38
What kind of food does lactic acid fermentation of bacteria produce?
Cheese, yogurt, pickles, salami, etc.
39
Lactic Acid fermentation vs. Alcohol fermentation
Instead of lactic acid, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced
40
What foods does alcohol fermentation of yeast produce?
Bread, beer and wine
41
Photosynthesis converts _____ ______ into the ________ ______ of food molecules
Solar energy ; chemical energy
42
Is cellular respiration and photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?
Cellular Respiration = exergonic
Photosynthesis = endergonic
43
How does photosynthesis work in plants?
Roots take in water, travels through the xylem. Phloem transports glucose from leaves to the rest of the plant.
44
Pores called _______ allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit a leaf
Stomata
45
What cells within the leaves contain abundant chloroplasts for photosynthesis?
Mesophyll
46
Sunlight (electromagnetic energy)
The shorter the wavelength = greater the energy
47
How is the color of an object observed?
The wavelength is the visible light REFLECTED by the object. All other visible light wavelengths are absorbed by the object
48
What wavelengths of of chlorophyll power photosynthesis?
Violet, blue and yellow/orange regions on the visible light spectrum
49
How do we know that green is reflected?
Chlorophyll, chloroplasts and leaves appear green
50
If carotenoids absorb violet, blue and green wavelengths, then which ones are reflected?
Yellow/orange/red
(Ex: flowers, fruit, vegetables and autumn leaves)
51
What are photosystems?
Photosystems are protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
52
What occurs in the thylakoid membranes?
Light reactions
53
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma of chloroplasts
54
ATP is produced during _____ _________, and is consumed during ______ _____
Light reaction ; Calvin cycle
55
What do light reactions require/produce?
Require: sunlight and water
Produce: oxygen, ATP and NADPH
56
What does the Calvin cycle require/produce?
Requires carbon dioxide, ant ATP + NADPH produced during the light reactions
Produces: glucose
** light reactions require sunlight to make ATP and NADPH and the Calvin Cycle NEEDS the ATP and NADPH from the LR
57
Photosystem II (water - splitting photosystem)
Resonance: sunlight being absorbed by a chlorophyll molecule and jumping from one to another
58
What is the reaction center chlorophylls called?
P680
59
When does oxidation of water replace lost electrons and oxegyn is released?
Photosystem II
60
What connects Photosystem II to Photosystem I?
Electron Transport Chain
61
What is chemiosmosis?
The process by which the movement of hydrogen ions ions across a biological membrane generates ATP
62
The kinetic energy spins the ATP synthase enzyme synthesizing ATP by _________ _______________?
Oxidative phosphorylation
63
What is the reaction center chlorophylls called in Photosystem I?
P700
64
What’s another name for NADH - Producing photosystem?
Photosystem I
65
What happens to the primary electron acceptor and the NADP + ?
The primary electron acceptor is oxidized. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
66
How many CO2 molecules enter the Calvin Cycle?
3 molecules of CO2
67
What is RuBP?
When 1 of the 3 carbons binds to a 5-carbon acceptor.
68
What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth?
Rubisco. Catalyzes the binding of the 6-carbon molecule
69
What is it called when the 6-carbon molecule immediately splits into two 3 carbon molecules?
3-GPA
70
How does the Calvin cycle start over again?
ATP from the light reactions covert the five G3P molecules into three RuBP molecules.
71
What does the glucose produced by photosynthesis do?
Used as fuel during cellular respiration, stored as starch, formed into cellulose to build cell walls, and consumed by heterotrophs
72
How is carbon dioxide and oxygen used in Water Use Efficiency?
Carbon dioxide is taken into the plant leaves and oxygen exits the leaves
73
What exits through the stomata?
Water and oxygen
74
What’s does WUE mean for CO2 and H2O?
Much CO2 is taken in with minimal H2O lost
75
What enzyme binds to CO2?
Rubisco
76
Most plants are C3 plants and must deal with this problem, called ________________?
Photorespiration
77
What are the alternate photosynthetic pathways?
C4 pathway and CAM pathway
78
What does CO2 bind to in C4 plants?
It bounds to PEP carboxylase (PEPcase)
79
What happens when there is less loss of H2O in CAM plants?
CAM plants open their stomata (only at night).
80
Where is the CO2 and PEPcase stored?
Central vacuole.
81
What is the CAM strategy?
It’s the minimizing of the amount of H2O lost from the plant
82
What does primary production refer to?
Refers to the chemical energy of food molecules generated by autotrophs during photosynthesis
83
What is the energy source for all organisms in all ecosystems?
Primary Production?
84
How much of their Gross Primary Production (GPP) do autotrophs use during cellular respiration?
They use approximately half of this energy
85
What is the remaining chemical energy called?
Net primary production
86
What does NPP represent?
It represents Growth and Reproduction; biomass gained and energy left over for consumption
87
As temperature increases, NPP _________. AT very high temperatures, NPP may decrease if photosynthetic enzymes become _________.
Increases ; denatured
88
What affects photosynthesis?
Precipitation, opens the stomata
89
Why might NPP decrease?
Greater cloud coverage and less sunlight
90
What limits NPP in lakes and ponds?
Phosphorus
91
The majority of energy in rivers and streams is derived from ___________ _______ ______.
Terrestrial organic matter
92
________ & ____ limit NPP in the open ocean
Nitrogen and Iron
93
Terrestrial ecosystems are responsible for __% of Global NPP. _______ ecosystems are responsible for the remaining 46%.
54% ; Aquatic
94
A unique ecosystem, found in 1977, is called?
Hydrothermal vents
95
During chemosynthesis, chemoatotrophs aka ___________ use chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide as high energy electron donors.
Prokaryotes
96
____ ______ are diagrammatic representations of trophic interactions.
Food chains
97
________ is considered part of the first trophic level. Detritivores are included in the ______ level.
Detritus ; second
98
What is trophic efficiency?
A measure of how much chemical energy at one trophic level makes it to the next.
99
What 3 categories does Trophic efficiency consist of?
Consumption, Assimilation, and production efficiency
100
Nutrient-poor components (____) compared to nutrient-rich components (______).
Wood ; leaves
101
Assimilation energy measures the amount of energy from one trophic level to another to be used for ___________ & _______
Maintenance and defense
102
What is the assimilated energy lost as?
Wastes (feces)
103
Why is assimilation efficiency greater in carnivores than herbivores?
Plant matter contains cellulose and lignin (indigestible material)
104
What is lost as heat during cellular respiration?
The assimilated energy that does not go toward production
105
Endothermic generate much more of what?
Metabolic heat
106
What is the trophic energy equation?
Production efficiency x assimilation energy x consumption efficiency
107
What are food webs?
More complex diagram of interactions of an ecosystem
108
What is Biogeochemistry?
The study of cycling of nutrients that involves biological, geological and chemical components
109
What are the two largest pools of nitrogen?
Atmospheric nitrogen gas & nitrogen within organisms ( amino acids, nucleic acids and ATP)
110
Phosphorus is added to the soil from rocks by _______, is _______ from the soil from rocks and oceans.
Erosion ; leached
111
What are the two largest pools of carbon?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the organic carbons within organisms
112
Carbon fluxes through ways of…?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
113
What is the greenhouse effect?
Where most of the solar radiation that reaches earth id reflected by earth’s surface
114
What does the greenhouse effect do for humans?
It keeps earth warm enough to support life
115
What is global warming?
Excessive burning of fossil fuels and wood by humans is adding increased amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere
116
What is deforestation doing to photosynthesis?
It reduces the number of plants that would remove the atmospheric CO2
117
What are the potential implications of global warming?
Melting polar ice will result in rising sea levels
118
What will climate change alter?
Distribution of ecosystems
