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Biology 1210 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Who utilizes photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration

A

Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs

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2
Q

What 3 things does photosynthesis need

A

CO2 , H2O and sunlight energy

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3
Q

What is the Chemical equation for Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight →→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

What is the main function of Photosynthesis?

A

To manufacture organic food molecules

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5
Q

What is the main function of Cellular Respiration?

A

To harvest the chemical energy of organic food molecules

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6
Q

What does Cellular Respiration produce?

A

CO2 , H2O and ATP energy for cellular work

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7
Q

What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 →→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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8
Q

Nutrients ______ and energy ____.

A

Cycles ; flows

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9
Q

What does Cellular respiration convert into ATP energy required for all cellular work?

A

Chemical energy of food molecules (glucose)

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10
Q

What is the name for hydrogens being transferred from glucose to oxygen? (Cellular respiration)

A

Redox reactions

Note: removal of hydrogens yields carbon dioxide and the addition of hydrogens yields water

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11
Q

Oxidation vs Reduction

A

Oxidation = loss of electrons

Reduction = gain of electrons

**OIL RIG

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12
Q

Glucose is ________ into carbon dioxide and Oxygen is _______ into water

A

Oxidized ; reduced

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13
Q

What is it called when oxidation and reduction occurs together?

A

Reduction-oxidation AKA redox reaction

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14
Q

What occurs in the cytosol (fluid) of a cell?

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

What molecules does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP & 2 NADH

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16
Q

What 2 systems occur in the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation and The Citric Acid Cycle

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17
Q

What 2 coenzymes are relevant in CR

A

NADH (niacin) and FADH2 (riboflavin)

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18
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the cristae of a cell’s mitochondria

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19
Q

How is ATP formed in glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphate

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20
Q

Oxidation of NADH = _____
Reduction of NAD+ = ____

A

NAD+ ; NADH

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21
Q

What does the Pyruvate oxidation reactions produce? (Hint: 3 things = 6 molecules)

A

2 CO2 molecules, 2 NADH molecules, 2 acetyl molecules

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22
Q

What is the 2-carbon acetic acid bonded to a 4-carbon molecule called (citric acid cycle)?

A

Oxaloacetate

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23
Q

Where does a small amount of ATP and most of glucose’s energy remain?

A

NADH and FADH2

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24
Q

In the citric acid cycle, how is ATP produced?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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25
Q

What is the general function of an electron transport chain?

A

Energy is released by the transfer of electrons during a redox reaction involving oxygen

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26
Q

Electrons ____ from glucose to oxygen. (Hint: oxygen pulls electrons toward itself)

A

“Fall”

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27
Q

____ & _____ begin at the top of the electron transport chain and ______ is positioned at the bottom.

A

NADH ; FADH2 ; oxygen

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28
Q

When energy move AGAINST their concentration gradient?

A

Electron transport chain

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29
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Specific membrane enzyme

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30
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The spinning of ATP synthase adds a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP

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31
Q

____________ is the anaerobic conversion of food’s chemical energy into ATP energy.(Hint: does not require oxygen)

A

Fermentation

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32
Q

Fermentation is a modified __________ stage.

A

Glycolysis

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33
Q

What step does fermentation NOT have?

A

Electron transport chain

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34
Q

Pyruvate is reduced when…?

A

NADH is oxidized to back to NADH+

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35
Q

What are the results of lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic acid and 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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36
Q

During _______ exercise, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, dellivering sufficient ATP energy to muscle cells

A

Aerobic

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37
Q

When the oxygen supply can no longer meet demand, muscles switch to _________ lactic acid fermentation

A

Anaerobic

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38
Q

What kind of food does lactic acid fermentation of bacteria produce?

A

Cheese, yogurt, pickles, salami, etc.

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39
Q

Lactic Acid fermentation vs. Alcohol fermentation

A

Instead of lactic acid, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced

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40
Q

What foods does alcohol fermentation of yeast produce?

A

Bread, beer and wine

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41
Q

Photosynthesis converts _____ ______ into the ________ ______ of food molecules

A

Solar energy ; chemical energy

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42
Q

Is cellular respiration and photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?

A

Cellular Respiration = exergonic
Photosynthesis = endergonic

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43
Q

How does photosynthesis work in plants?

A

Roots take in water, travels through the xylem. Phloem transports glucose from leaves to the rest of the plant.

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44
Q

Pores called _______ allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit a leaf

A

Stomata

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45
Q

What cells within the leaves contain abundant chloroplasts for photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll

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46
Q

Sunlight (electromagnetic energy)

A

The shorter the wavelength = greater the energy

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47
Q

How is the color of an object observed?

A

The wavelength is the visible light REFLECTED by the object. All other visible light wavelengths are absorbed by the object

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48
Q

What wavelengths of of chlorophyll power photosynthesis?

A

Violet, blue and yellow/orange regions on the visible light spectrum

49
Q

How do we know that green is reflected?

A

Chlorophyll, chloroplasts and leaves appear green

50
Q

If carotenoids absorb violet, blue and green wavelengths, then which ones are reflected?

A

Yellow/orange/red
(Ex: flowers, fruit, vegetables and autumn leaves)

51
Q

What are photosystems?

A

Photosystems are protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

52
Q

What occurs in the thylakoid membranes?

A

Light reactions

53
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

54
Q

ATP is produced during _____ _________, and is consumed during ______ _____

A

Light reaction ; Calvin cycle

55
Q

What do light reactions require/produce?

A

Require: sunlight and water
Produce: oxygen, ATP and NADPH

56
Q

What does the Calvin cycle require/produce?

A

Requires carbon dioxide, ant ATP + NADPH produced during the light reactions
Produces: glucose
** light reactions require sunlight to make ATP and NADPH and the Calvin Cycle NEEDS the ATP and NADPH from the LR

57
Q

Photosystem II (water - splitting photosystem)

A

Resonance: sunlight being absorbed by a chlorophyll molecule and jumping from one to another

58
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophylls called?

A

P680

59
Q

When does oxidation of water replace lost electrons and oxegyn is released?

A

Photosystem II

60
Q

What connects Photosystem II to Photosystem I?

A

Electron Transport Chain

61
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process by which the movement of hydrogen ions ions across a biological membrane generates ATP

62
Q

The kinetic energy spins the ATP synthase enzyme synthesizing ATP by _________ _______________?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

What is the reaction center chlorophylls called in Photosystem I?

A

P700

64
Q

What’s another name for NADH - Producing photosystem?

A

Photosystem I

65
Q

What happens to the primary electron acceptor and the NADP + ?

A

The primary electron acceptor is oxidized. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

66
Q

How many CO2 molecules enter the Calvin Cycle?

A

3 molecules of CO2

67
Q

What is RuBP?

A

When 1 of the 3 carbons binds to a 5-carbon acceptor.

68
Q

What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth?

A

Rubisco. Catalyzes the binding of the 6-carbon molecule

69
Q

What is it called when the 6-carbon molecule immediately splits into two 3 carbon molecules?

A

3-GPA

70
Q

How does the Calvin cycle start over again?

A

ATP from the light reactions covert the five G3P molecules into three RuBP molecules.

71
Q

What does the glucose produced by photosynthesis do?

A

Used as fuel during cellular respiration, stored as starch, formed into cellulose to build cell walls, and consumed by heterotrophs

72
Q

How is carbon dioxide and oxygen used in Water Use Efficiency?

A

Carbon dioxide is taken into the plant leaves and oxygen exits the leaves

73
Q

What exits through the stomata?

A

Water and oxygen

74
Q

What’s does WUE mean for CO2 and H2O?

A

Much CO2 is taken in with minimal H2O lost

75
Q

What enzyme binds to CO2?

A

Rubisco

76
Q

Most plants are C3 plants and must deal with this problem, called ________________?

A

Photorespiration

77
Q

What are the alternate photosynthetic pathways?

A

C4 pathway and CAM pathway

78
Q

What does CO2 bind to in C4 plants?

A

It bounds to PEP carboxylase (PEPcase)

79
Q

What happens when there is less loss of H2O in CAM plants?

A

CAM plants open their stomata (only at night).

80
Q

Where is the CO2 and PEPcase stored?

A

Central vacuole.

81
Q

What is the CAM strategy?

A

It’s the minimizing of the amount of H2O lost from the plant

82
Q

What does primary production refer to?

A

Refers to the chemical energy of food molecules generated by autotrophs during photosynthesis

83
Q

What is the energy source for all organisms in all ecosystems?

A

Primary Production?

84
Q

How much of their Gross Primary Production (GPP) do autotrophs use during cellular respiration?

A

They use approximately half of this energy

85
Q

What is the remaining chemical energy called?

A

Net primary production

86
Q

What does NPP represent?

A

It represents Growth and Reproduction; biomass gained and energy left over for consumption

87
Q

As temperature increases, NPP _________. AT very high temperatures, NPP may decrease if photosynthetic enzymes become _________.

A

Increases ; denatured

88
Q

What affects photosynthesis?

A

Precipitation, opens the stomata

89
Q

Why might NPP decrease?

A

Greater cloud coverage and less sunlight

90
Q

What limits NPP in lakes and ponds?

A

Phosphorus

91
Q

The majority of energy in rivers and streams is derived from ___________ _______ ______.

A

Terrestrial organic matter

92
Q

________ & ____ limit NPP in the open ocean

A

Nitrogen and Iron

93
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems are responsible for __% of Global NPP. _______ ecosystems are responsible for the remaining 46%.

A

54% ; Aquatic

94
Q

A unique ecosystem, found in 1977, is called?

A

Hydrothermal vents

95
Q

During chemosynthesis, chemoatotrophs aka ___________ use chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide as high energy electron donors.

A

Prokaryotes

96
Q

____ ______ are diagrammatic representations of trophic interactions.

A

Food chains

97
Q

________ is considered part of the first trophic level. Detritivores are included in the ______ level.

A

Detritus ; second

98
Q

What is trophic efficiency?

A

A measure of how much chemical energy at one trophic level makes it to the next.

99
Q

What 3 categories does Trophic efficiency consist of?

A

Consumption, Assimilation, and production efficiency

100
Q

Nutrient-poor components (____) compared to nutrient-rich components (______).

A

Wood ; leaves

101
Q

Assimilation energy measures the amount of energy from one trophic level to another to be used for ___________ & _______

A

Maintenance and defense

102
Q

What is the assimilated energy lost as?

A

Wastes (feces)

103
Q

Why is assimilation efficiency greater in carnivores than herbivores?

A

Plant matter contains cellulose and lignin (indigestible material)

104
Q

What is lost as heat during cellular respiration?

A

The assimilated energy that does not go toward production

105
Q

Endothermic generate much more of what?

A

Metabolic heat

106
Q

What is the trophic energy equation?

A

Production efficiency x assimilation energy x consumption efficiency

107
Q

What are food webs?

A

More complex diagram of interactions of an ecosystem

108
Q

What is Biogeochemistry?

A

The study of cycling of nutrients that involves biological, geological and chemical components

109
Q

What are the two largest pools of nitrogen?

A

Atmospheric nitrogen gas & nitrogen within organisms ( amino acids, nucleic acids and ATP)

110
Q

Phosphorus is added to the soil from rocks by _______, is _______ from the soil from rocks and oceans.

A

Erosion ; leached

111
Q

What are the two largest pools of carbon?

A

Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the organic carbons within organisms

112
Q

Carbon fluxes through ways of…?

A

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

113
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Where most of the solar radiation that reaches earth id reflected by earth’s surface

114
Q

What does the greenhouse effect do for humans?

A

It keeps earth warm enough to support life

115
Q

What is global warming?

A

Excessive burning of fossil fuels and wood by humans is adding increased amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere

116
Q

What is deforestation doing to photosynthesis?

A

It reduces the number of plants that would remove the atmospheric CO2

117
Q

What are the potential implications of global warming?

A

Melting polar ice will result in rising sea levels

118
Q

What will climate change alter?

A

Distribution of ecosystems

Biology 1210 (4 decks)

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