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Biology Chapter 9 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the set of rxns (about 20) that use electrons harvested from high-energy molecules to produce ATP

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2
Q

What are the 4 processes involved in CR?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol of eukaryotes and prokaryoted

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4
Q

Where does pyruvate processing and citric acid cycle occur?

A

matrix of mitochondria or cytosol of prokaryotes

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5
Q

Where does electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria or plasma membrane of prokaryotes

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6
Q

Cell respiration plays a central role in _______.

A

metabolism

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7
Q

What is the rxn that occurs for glycolysis?

A

glucose (6 cabon) —-> 2 pyruvate (3 carbon) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

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8
Q

In glycolysis, what is the energy investment phase?

A
  • the first 5 rxns
  • further increases potential energy of glucose to split in half
  • 2 ATP used
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9
Q

In glycolysis, what is the energy-payoff phase?

A
  • second 5 rxns
  • phosphates removed as pyyruvate is formed
  • 4 ATP used, 2 NADH gained
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10
Q

In glycolysis, there are ______ rxns and ______ enzymes.

A

10; 10

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11
Q

Describe the 5 steps in the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

A

1,3: phosphorylation (kinase adds ATP)
2,5: isomerization (rearrange atoms)
3*: commitment step (once that 2nd phosphate is added, no going back)

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12
Q

Describe the steps in the energy-payoff phase of glycolysis.

A

7,10*: substrate-level phosphorylation
8: isomerization

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13
Q

How is glycolysis regulated?

A

feedback inhibition of phosphfructokinase

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14
Q

What is substrate level-phosphorylation?

A

enzyme-catalyzed reactions that result in ATP production; it is one of the two ways to make ATP

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15
Q

What is the reaction for pyruvate oxidation?

A

pyruvate + NAD^+ —-> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH (twice per glucose molecule)

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16
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

Where is most energy stored before the citric acid cycle begins?

A

acetyl CoA

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18
Q

What is the reaction that occurs for the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl CoA + 3NAD^+ + FAD +ADP —-> 2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + ATP (twice per glucose molecule)

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19
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

A

TCA (tricarboxylic acid) and the Krebbs Cycle

20
Q

Describe reaction 1 of the CAC?

A

acetyl CoA combined with 4C molecule to form a 6C molecule (2 acetyl CoA + 4C molecule —> 6C molecule)

21
Q

What is reaction 2 of the the CAC?

A

isomerization (movement of the OH group)

22
Q

What is reaction 3 of the CAC?

A

redox rxn ( isocitrate is oxidized, NADH is product)

23
Q

What is reaction 5 of the CAC?

A

substrate level phosphorylation (bc ATP is produced)

24
Q

What is reaction 6 of the CAC?

A

redox rxn (succinate oxidized, fumarate reduced, FADH2 produced)

25
Q

What is reaction 8 of the CAC?

A

redox rxn (oxaloacetate reduced, malate oxidized, NADH produced)

26
Q

Provide a brief summary of glucose oxidation.

A
  • glucose fully oxidized into CO2
  • however we only gained 4 ATP
27
Q

What reaction happens with the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH + FADH2 + O2 —> NAD^+ + FAD + H2O

28
Q

Describe the ETC.

A
  • coordinates a series of redox rxns
  • establishes a proton gradient
  • O2 is final electron acceptor
29
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation.

A
  • proton gradient (made from ETC) drives motor protein to produce ATP
  • primary method of ATP production in cells
30
Q

In the ETC, proteins differ in _____________.

A

redox potential

31
Q

What is redox potential?

A
  • the ability to accept electrons
  • small amts of energy released each time
32
Q

What is Ubiquinone/Coenzyme Q?

A
  • occurs in almost all organisms
  • lipid-soluble carrier protein, moves through membrane to transfer electrons
33
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

O2

34
Q

Describe the parts of oxidative phosphorylation.

A
  • occurs at motor protein (ATP synthase)
  • proton gradient results in proton motive force
  • chemiosmosis
35
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

use of a proton gradient to drive energy-requiring process

36
Q

How many ATP total does cell respiration produce?

A

25-30

37
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation is very efficient, but requires O2 making it _________.

A

aerobic respiration

38
Q

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron receptor is something other than __________.

A

O2

39
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic?

A

because O2 is the strongest oxidizing agent

40
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

organisms that rely entirely on anaerobic (O2 is “poisonous”)

41
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

technically aerobic; organisms that can use O2 when its available, but can also survive using fermentation when O2 is absent

42
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

organisms that require O2 to grow (some can use fermentation for short time periods)

43
Q

Why do some organisms have to use fermentation?

A

because there is no ATP to go through the citric acid cycle, other processes, etc
- without O2 there would be a buildup of NADH

44
Q

Glycolysis provides some energy, but it can’t take place w/o __________.

A

NAD+

45
Q

What is fermentation?

A

metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ by oxidizing stockpiles of NADH

Biology Chapter 9 (1 decks)

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