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Lecture 10: Cellular Reproduction > Cellular Reproduction + Mitosis > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction + Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in unicellular cell division?

A

Division of one cell that forms two, reproducing an entire organism

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2
Q

What happens in multicellular cell division?

A

Growth, development, and replacement of damaged cells

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The total endowment of DNA unique to each species

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4
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Bacteria replicate their chromosomes and distribute them equally into two daughter cells

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5
Q

What occurs in prokaryotic division?

A

Chromosome replication, membrane growth and separation of chromosome copies, cause the bacterium to grow, making the membrane pinch inward and creating a new cell wall

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6
Q

What occurs in eukaryotic division?

A

Replication and distribution of their tens of thousands of genes, a process that is manageable due to genes being packaged into chromosomes

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Threadlike structures composed of DNA and protein

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8
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and ova

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

A

23

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA protein complexes form chromosomes that are organized into thin fibers that are folded and coiled

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11
Q

How many chromosomes are in human somatic cells?

A

46

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12
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Maintain the structure and control gene activity

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Nuclear division, where duplicated chromosomes are evenly distributed into daughter nuclei, results in two genetically identical daughter cells

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14
Q

What happens before mitosis?

A

A cell copies its genome by duplicating every chromosome, each of which forms two identical sister chromatids

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15
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere

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16
Q

What happens to sister chromatids during mitosis?

A

Pulled apart, forming two complete chromosome sets, one at each end of the cell

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17
Q

What is mitosis followed by?

A

Cytokinesis

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18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm

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19
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

Halves the chromosome number in gonads (23)

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20
Q

What does fertilization do?

A

Restores chromosome number to 46

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21
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A well-ordered sequence of events occurs between the time a cell divides to form two daughter cells and the time those daughter cells divide

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22
Q

What is the M phase?

A

Dividing phase (includes mitosis and cytokinesis)

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23
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

First growth phase

24
Q

What is the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis phase, chromosomes are duplicated

25
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Second growth phase

26
Q

How does duration vary in cells?

A

It depends on the cell type, some may divide each hour while others take more than 24 hours

27
Q

What phase includes most of the cell’s growth and metabolic activities?

A

Interphase (about 90% of the cycle)

28
Q

What phases are included in interphase?

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase

29
Q

How many stages is mitosis divided into?

A

5

30
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

31
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase?

A

A well-defined nucleus is bound by nuclear envelope, two centrosomes, and loosely packed chromatin fibers that double

32
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Nucleoli disappear, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and a mitotic spindle forms

33
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope fragments (which allow microtubules to interact with condensed chromosomes), spindle fibers extend, kinetochores formed

34
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align in metaphase plate

35
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids split

36
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Daughter nuclei form, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope forms around chromosome fragments

37
Q

What happens by the end of telophase?

A

Cytokinesis begins and the appearance of two daughter cells occurs shortly after mitosis is completed

38
Q

When does cytokinesis begin?

A

Telophase

39
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?

A

Cleavage furrow forms, and a contractile ring pinches cells into two

40
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

A

Cell plate formation, new cell wall forms between daughter cells

41
Q

What are the factors influencing cell division?

A

Culture medium, cell density, and G1 phase regulation

42
Q

What is culture medium?

A

Essential nutrients and growth factors required

43
Q

What happens if essential nutrients are left out of the culture medium?

A

Cell will not grow

44
Q

What is cell density?

A

Density-dependent inhibition: crowding inhibits division

45
Q

Do cancer cells exhibit cell density? Why or why why not?

A

They do not exhibit tail density due to them being abnormal

46
Q

What is the G1 phase regulation?

A

Restriction point determining cell division fate. Cells may enter G0 phase (non-dividing)

47
Q

Where does a cell go when it’s ready to divide?

A

S- phase

48
Q

Where does a cell go if it doesn’t meet the requirements to divide?

A

G0 phase

49
Q

What is the ratio for actively dividing cells?

A

Cytoplasmic volume to genome size

50
Q

Why is cytoplasmic volume to genome size important?

A

It determines whether a cell will pass the restriction point

51
Q

What do cancer cells not respond to?

A

Normal growth controls, lead to unregulated division and potential to invade other tissues

52
Q

Where do cancer cells stop dividing?

A

Radom points instead of at the restriction point in G1

53
Q

What are the characteristics of cancer cells?

A

Lack of density-dependent inhibition, random stopping points in the cell, ability to form tumors, transformation

54
Q

What is transformation?

A

Eukaryotic cells converted to unregulated growth

55
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Localized mas

56
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Can spread (metastasis), defined as cancer

Lecture 10: Cellular Reproduction (1 decks)

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