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Biology 100 > Cellular Reproduction: Cells From Cells > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction: Cells From Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is not a stage of mitosis?

A

interphase

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2
Q

What is Interphase?

A

Interphase consists of all phases of the cell cycle EXCEPT mitosis. Interphase includes G1 phase, S-phase, and G2 phase.

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3
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Collective series of intervals and events of a eukaryotic cell life. Time it forms to dividing.

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4
Q

Most of a cell’s life is in what phase?

A

Interphase

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5
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A

The cell increases in size, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.

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6
Q

What does the “G” stand for in the stages?

A

Gap

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7
Q

What occurs during G1 Phase?

A

The cell grows and produces the molecules it will need for DNA Replication. Cells can leave the cell cycle and enter non-dividing state called G0.

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8
Q

What is G0?

A

Differentiated cells going about their metabolic business- muscle cells, nerve cells etc.

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9
Q

What happens after the G1 Phase?

A

Cells move into the S phase, when DNA replication occurs.

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10
Q

What happens in the G2 Phase?

A

It makes proteins and other cellular components needed for the division.

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11
Q

What occurs during S Phase?

A

A cell copies its chromosomes by DNA replication.

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12
Q

When does the nucleus divide?

A

During Mitosis

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13
Q

After mitosis what occurs next?

A

The Cytoplasm divides. Each descendant cell begins a new cycle.

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14
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mechanism of nuclear division that maintains the chromosome number.

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15
Q

What is Diploid?

A

Nucleus contains 2 sets of chromosomes.

Ex. one from mother, one from father cells = cells have 2 of each chromosome.

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16
Q

What is the male and female chromosomes?

A

XY Male, XX Female

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17
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Same length, shape, and genes (hom means alike)

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18
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Identical molecules of DNA and are attached at the centromere to form one X shape chromosome.

19
Q

When the body has a wound, skin cells and many other types of body cells are continually replaced by_______.

A

Mitosis

20
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from a single parent, ONLY. Single-celled eukaryotes.

21
Q

What does not undergo Mitosis?

A

Prokaryotes reproduce by dividing and have no nucleus.

22
Q

What are the 5-6 phases in the cell dividing processes?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

23
Q

Spindle

A

Temporary structure that assembles and moves chromosomes during nuclear division. Consists of microtubules that elongate from 2 spindle poles.

24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosome are packed into their most compact forms which are visible under a light microscope.

25
Q

Metaphase

A

All chromosomes are aligned midway between spindle poles.

26
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister Chromatids separate and move towards spindle poles. Individual, unduplicated chromosome.

27
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite spindle poles and enclose into a new nuclear envelope

28
Q

What phase does the ring of microfilaments and motor proteins forming under the plasma membrane occur?

A

Anaphase

29
Q

Band that contracts during Telophase

A

Contractile Ring

30
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

Indentation in dividing animal cell

31
Q

Cell Plate

A

Vesicles contain polysaccharides and glycoproteins needed for cell wall during Telophase and fuse to flat structure.

32
Q

What is P53?

A

Check point gene, a transcription factor in operating the end of G1.

33
Q

What can p53 do?

A

Move damaged DNA in G0 phase and activates repair proteins to fix damages

34
Q

What happens when the DNA repair is complete?

A

Advances to S phase for DNA replication

35
Q

What if DNA CANNOT be repaired?

A

p53 will trigger events to self-destruct to prevent damaged DNA replication. As it could lead to mutation.

36
Q

Tumor

A

Mass abnormally dividing cells in a tissue. Defective/Missing

37
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Increased or stimulated molecules in mitosis

38
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that transforms a normal cell into a mutated cell = mutation in mitosis

39
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A

Inhibit Mitosis (p53)

40
Q

Metastasis

A

Cells of malignant tumor spread throughout the body

41
Q

Telomeres

A

Short DNA sequence that has been repeated with binded proteins. When cell divides it shortens too short. (Irreversible)

42
Q

Stem cells

A

Divide infinitely , undifferentiated, in G0 inactive

43
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes

44
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

Biology 100 (3 decks)

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