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BIO100 > Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

Mitosis and Binary Fission

1
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized Egg(Embryo)

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2
Q

Genome

A

A cells DNA(packaged as a double stranded DNA molecule)(in Prokaryotes it is packaged as a single double stranded DNA, molecule in the form of a loop or circle)

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3
Q

Human cells (somatic) have how many chromosomes?

A

46

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4
Q

Human gametes(Sperm or Eggs) have how many chromosomes?

A

23

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5
Q

A typical body cell contains Two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes (one set from each biological parent) called what?

A

Diploid

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6
Q

Human cells that contain one set of chromosomes are called gametes, or sex cells; these are eggs and sperm, and are designated 1n, or…?

A

Haploid

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7
Q

Upon fertilization, each gamete contributes one set of chromosomes, creating a diploid cell containing matched pairs of chromosomes called?

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes are the same length and have specific nucleotide segments called?

A

Genes (in the exact same location, or locus)

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9
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

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10
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division process

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11
Q

cell cycle

A
  • ordered sequence of events through which a cell passes between one cell division and the next
  • ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
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12
Q

cell plate

A

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure
(phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that
separate the two daughter cells

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13
Q

cell-cycle checkpoint

A

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the
various cell-cycle stages

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14
Q

centriole

A

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

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15
Q

centromere

A

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed
chromosomes

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16
Q

chromatid

A

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the
centromere

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17
Q

cleavage furrow

A

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic
division

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18
Q

condensin

A

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

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19
Q

cyclin

A

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell
cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

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20
Q

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

A

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when
bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by
phosphorylation

21
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

22
Q

FtsZ

A

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis
(name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

23
Q

G0 phase

A

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

24
Q

G1 phase

A

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

25
G2 phase
(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosishaploid reproductive
26
histone
one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes
27
interphase
period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)
28
karyokinesis
mitotic nuclear division
29
kinetochore
protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase
30
locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
31
metaphase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate
32
metaphase plate
equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase
33
mitosis
(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
34
mitotic phase
period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis
35
mitotic spindle
apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
36
nucleosome
subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
37
oncogene
mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle
38
origin
(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)
39
p21
cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53
40
p53
cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis
41
prometaphase
stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
42
prophase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form
43
proto-oncogene
normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene
44
quiescent
refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division
45
retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interactingwith a transcription factor (E2F)
46
S phase
second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs
47
septum
structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells
48
telophase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope
49
tumor suppressor gene
segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

BIO100 (3 decks)

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