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Biology Grade 12 > Cellular repiration processes, energy and ATP > Flashcards

Cellular repiration processes, energy and ATP Flashcards

1
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Chaotic chemical assembly line

The “workers” of the assembly line, enzymes and protein that make chemical reactions happen

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body. In charge of transport, repair, respond to environment

Raw, un-finished and waste materials are in constant transport, production, use and excretion

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2
Q

What type of energy does cellular respiration use.

Why is it important?

A

ATP, stored on bonds of molecules

Organisms must continually capture, store and use energy to carry out specific functions and processes

Both anabolic and catabolic reactions require ATP

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3
Q

What is the ATP cycle

A

ATP—-energy, phosphate,H20——ADP

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4
Q

What happens when bonds break and form?

A

Activation energy is used to start a reactions

When bond break and form the position of the electron changes and therefore cause. change in energy

Making bonds release energy, breaking bonds requires energy

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of bond energy reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions - energy is released (ATP-ADP+P)

Endergonic reactions - energy is absorbed

Cells use these reactions couple together

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6
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

Ribose, adenosine base and 3 phosphate groups

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7
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

The terminal phosphate group breaking off

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8
Q

How is ATP broken down or formed

A

Broken down via hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by ATPase enzyme

Formed via condensation reactions during cellular respiration

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9
Q

How does ATP transfer energy?

A

ATP - ADP +P releases energy to fuel other reactions

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10
Q

How is ATP produced? What are the 2 ways?

A

Produced by Phosphorylations- adding one phosphate group (ADP phosphorylated to form ATP)

Substrate-level Phosphorylation - An enzyme is used Phosphorylate ADP, occurs in glycolysis and the CAC

Oxidative Phosphorylation- indirectly by a series of redox reactions, occurs in the electron transport train

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11
Q

How does ATP regenerate?

A

Requires energy to make energy

Endergonic reactions (needs energy) to regenerate ATP

Energy from exergonic reactions as food gets broken down

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12
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

Substances undergoing reduction and oxidation (the transfer electrons, hydrogen and/or oxygen atoms

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13
Q

What is oxidation?

A

When a substance loses 1 or more electrons or hydrogen atoms.

Gains 1 or more oxygen atom

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14
Q

What is Reduction?

A

When a substance gains 1 or more electrons or hydrogen atoms.

Loses 1 or more oxygen atom

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15
Q

What is a reduction agent?

A

The substance that provides electrons in a redox reaction

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16
Q

What is a oxidation agent?

A

The substance that accepts electrons in a redox reaction

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17
Q

Redox reactions involve the movement of what 2 particles in most biological reactions?

A

Protons (H+) and an electron

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18
Q

What is the relation between reactant and products in redox reactions?

A

The products of one reaction are the reactant of another

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19
Q

Food is used as fuel for ATP. What type of bonds do organic fuel molecules contain?

A

C-H bonds

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20
Q

Why are organic fuel molecules/foods good energy sources?

A

Have a relatively small nuclei and electrons that have a weaker pull towards a smaller nuclei

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21
Q

How do the electrons in C-H bond react?

A

They are easily pulled closer to a larger nuclei and this results in a release of energy (electronegativity)

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22
Q

How do oxygen molecules work compared to other molecules?

A

They work in the exact opposite way, the atoms form other molecules are pulled very close to the nuclei (losing potential energy)- Oxygen is very greedy-larger nuclei

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23
Q

The______ the valence shell of an element, the _______ those electrons have

A

MORE STABLE , LESS POTENTIAL ENERGY

24
Q

The______ the valence shell of an element, the _______ those electrons have (opposite)

A

LESS STABLE, MORE POTENTIAL ENERGY

25
Q

Acronyms to remember redox?

A

LEO says GER
(Losing Electrons Oxidizes, Gaining Electrons Reduces)

or

OIL RIG (Oxidizing is losing, Reducing is gaining)

26
Q

What is controlled oxidation?

A

Occurs in cellular respiration, in cells controlled by a series of enzyme mediated reactions - energy is transferred to the next step/reaction and little lost to thermal energy.

Captures energy as much as possible to create ATP.
Energy harnessed from gradient, gradual release of energy and very efficient and rapid

27
Q

What is rapid combustion?

A

All energy given off cannot be harnessed to drive metabolic reactions.

Very inefficient, rapid, O2 added in small amounts. Examples would be a campfire/marshmallows

28
Q

What are Energy Carriers

A

Glucoses oxidizes by oxygen to form C2O and H2O enzymes call dehydrogenases

Dehydrogenases help to transfer high-energy electrons from food to molecules. Act as carriers/shuttles (NAD+ to NADH, FAD to FADH2)

Very efficient and little energy is lost to heat

29
Q

What is Aerobic cellular respiration?

A

A series of enzyme-controlled redox reactions that convert glucose and oxygen to CO2, H2O and ATP

30
Q

What are the 4 stages in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

1- Glycolysis
2-Pyruvate oxidation
3-Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
4- Electron transport chain (ETC)

31
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place? And in what type of cells and conditions does it occur?

A

In all living cells, occurs in the cytoplasm in anaerobic conditions(no oxygen)

32
Q

How many reactions take place in Glycolysis?

A

10 enzyme -catalyzed reactions

33
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

A 6 carbon glucose is split into 2 3-carbon G3Ps by the addition of 2 ATP

G3P is further oxidized to produce energy (4 ATP), 3 NADH molecules and to end the process 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon)

NADH is then used in the ETC

34
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

35
Q

Describe the process of pyruvate oxidation

A

1 NADH converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA ( used in ETC)

Makes 1 molecule of acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH and 1 molecule of CO2

36
Q

What is another name for the citric acid cycle and where does it occur?

A

Also known as the Krebs cycle

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

37
Q

How many reactions occur in the citric acid cycle

A

8 enzyme catalyzed reactions to fully oxidize acetyl-CoA

38
Q

Describe the Citric acid cycle

A

Starts with 4 carbon oxaloactate then two 2 carbon acetyl-CoA, then to 6 carbon citrate, NAD+ to NADH + CO2, then to 5 carbon, then to NAD+ to NADH + CO2, then to 4 carbon, then 1 ATP, then FAD to FADH2, then to NAD to NADH and finally back to oxaloacetate

39
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

40
Q

Describe the ETC process

A

NADH is oxidized into protein complex 1 which allows electron to enter. These electrons move from complex 1,3,4 through increasing electronegativity and electron shuttles

FADH2 is oxidized to protein complex 2 and electrons travel from complex 2,3,4

From complex 1,2,3 protons (H+) move across membrane and create a concentration gradient (potential energy)

O2 is the final acceptor of electrons, has high en located at complex 4 and produces H2O

41
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced by 1 NADH and 1 FADH2?

A

1 NADH = 3 ATP

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

42
Q

Describe the process of Chemiosmosis

A

A Proton motive force is created by the concentrations of the H+ and the repelling of the protons (like charges repel)

This force allows protons to move through ATP synthase to make ATP and create water from the reduced O2 and H+

43
Q

How much ATP is created at the end of ETC and Chemiosmosis?

A

Theoretical 36 ATP, Actual is about 32

44
Q

How long does the ETC process take to complete?

A

About 90 seconds

45
Q

Where does anaerobic cellular respiration take place and when does it occur?

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm

Occurs with the absence/lack of oxygen

46
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration uses glycolysis to produce what?

A

2 molecules of ATP from glucose

47
Q

What is needed to make ATP?

A

Glycolysis needs to reduce NAD+ to NADH

48
Q

What does glycolysis need in order for ATP and pyruvate to be produced?

A

A continuous supply of NAD+

49
Q

How is NAD+ produced under aerobic conditions?

A

The oxidation of NADH in the ETC makes a continuous supply of NAD+

50
Q

What happens when there is an absence of O2 in aerobic cycles?

A

ETC cannot occur and cannot be used to oxidize NADH

51
Q

What do organisms do in the absence of O2 to oxidize NADH?

A

Develop alternative processes to be able to have a continuous supply of NAD+ to drive glycolysis

52
Q

Where does ethanol fermentation occur and what is another name for it?

A

Occurs in plants, yeast and some bacteria

Also known as Alcohol fermentation

53
Q

What are the 2 steps in ethanol fermentation?

A

Step 1 - pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde

Step 2 - NADH is oxidized by converting acetaldehyde into ethanol

54
Q

What are the final products of ethanol fermentation?

A

CO2, ethanol and 2 molecules of ATP (ATP formed in glycolysis)

55
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur and what is another name for it?

A

Occurs in Animal cells

Also known as lactate fermentation

56
Q

What happens during the lactic acid fermentation process?

A

NADH is oxidized by converting pyruvate into lactic acid

57
Q

What are the final products of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid and 2 molecules of ATP (ATP formed in glycolysis)

Biology Grade 12 (1 decks)

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