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MS exam 2 > cellular regulation/cancer > Flashcards

cellular regulation/cancer Flashcards

1
Q

carcinogenesis

A

normal cells become mutated and continue to split into more cancerous cells

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2
Q

benign

A

non cancerous, well differentiated, non invasive
doesnt spread

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3
Q

malignant

A

cancerous, poorly differentiated, moveable, grow rapidly

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4
Q

stages of cancer

A

initiation - mutation of cells
promotion - acceleration of growth
progression - metastasize occurs

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5
Q

factors increasing cancer survival

A

early detection and treatment
stage/type/grade @ detection
pts overall health response

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6
Q

most common cancers

A

breast
lung
prostate
colorectal

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7
Q

most deadly cancer

A

lung cancer in both men and women

23% of cancer deaths

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8
Q

cancer risk factors

A

exposure to carcinogens (chemicals, radiation, smoking, virus’)
behavior (lifestyle, diet, smoking, drugs)
genetics
age, sex, race
radiation

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9
Q

breast cancer s/s

A

nipple discharge
breast dimpling
peau’d orange (orange peel texture of skin)
swelling
hard, nonmobile, nontender, irregularly shaped lumps in outer breast

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10
Q

breast cancer risk factors

A

female over 50
family history
late menopause
hormone use
obesity
90Z% is non genetic
most lumps are benign

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11
Q

breast cancer screening

A

mammogram @45-54)
MRI/ultrasound for high risk pt
monthly self exam @20
biopsy is diagnostic
ovary removal decreases risk

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12
Q

breast cancer treatment

A

surgery is primary TX
radiation, drugs, hormones
tamofixen- report vision changes pt at risk for DVT , PE, CVA - no smoking

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13
Q

breast cancer pts are at risk for

A

lymphedema

fluid build up - numbess, tingling, edema
can lead to cellulitis/fibrosis
LIMB ALERT - no BP/ injections, avoid compromised circulation

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14
Q

lung cancer s/s

A

chronic cough
dyspnea
wheezing
bloody sputum
clinically silent (late s/s)

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15
Q

lung cancer risk factors

A

smoking
exposure to radon/espestis/ 2nd hand smoke
family history
COPD- men at greater risk

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16
Q

lung cancer screenings

A

biopsy to diagnose
CT
MRI
PET
thoracentisis
screen high risk pts with low dose CT scan (heavy smokers, current smokers, 30 packs/yr history)

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17
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

20% of all cancers
very aggressive
most malignant
responds better to chemo

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18
Q

non- small cell lung cancer

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma
  2. adenocarcinoma - most common- can try surgery removal - does not respond well to chemo
  3. large cell carcinoma
19
Q

treatment of lung cancer

A

surgical resection
radiation
chemo
targeted/immunotherapy
teach about chronic/constant pain

20
Q

prevention of lung cancer

A

focus on prevention of TEEN SMOKING
quitting smoking
limiting environmental exposure

21
Q

colorectal cancer s/s

A

iron deficiency anemia
rectal bleeding
abd. pain
change in bowels
palpable mass
ascites
hepatomegaly
tenderness

22
Q

complications of colorectal cancer

A

bleeding
perforation
fistula
peritonitis

RIGHT SIDE: IDA, diarrhea
LEFT SIDE: bowel obstruction

23
Q

colorectal cancer risk factors

A

family history
men
high mortality in blacks
diet (low fiber, high red/processed)
smoking
IBD

24
Q

colorectal cancer screenings

A

@45-75 yrs old
colonoscopy q10 yrs for high risk
biopsy w/ colonoscopy
abd CT/ MRI
occult blood
CEA for reoccurence

25
Q

only cure for colorectal cancer

A

surgery is the only cure

pt may need colostomy, NSAIDS may decrease incidence

26
Q

skin cancer

A

non- melanoma (keratosis, basal, squamous)

melanoma (aggressive) - lower legs of women, trunk/head of men

27
Q

precancerous skin

A

actinic keratosis (may resolve if sunlight exposure decreased)

28
Q

ABCDEs of melanoma

A

asymmetry
border irregularity
color/pigment
diameter (greater than 6mm)
eveolving

29
Q

skin cancer risk factors

A

smoking
sun exposure
immunsuppression
UV rays
fair skin
outdoor sunbathing
outdoor frequently
indoor tanning

30
Q

skin cancer treatment

A

melanoma that has spread requires combo therapy
wide surgical incision
targeted/immunotherapy
radiation (treat lymph nodes)

report any lesions with ABCDEs

31
Q

cancer surgery

A

prevention/prophylaxis (moving non vital organs)
cure/control (mastectomy, hysterectomy)
palliative care (feeding tube, central line)
implication (remove cancer & surrounding tissue)

32
Q

chemotheraphy

A

reduce number of cancer cells
can be a cure, control or palliative
admin. by specialized RN
IV chemo is irritant and can cause infiltration

33
Q

chemotherapy side effects

A

n/v
dysrhythmias
organ damange
alopecia
skin rash
bone marrow suppression
neurotoxicity
anemia
anorexia

34
Q

radiation

A

only affects tissues in targeted area
TWO TYPES
teletherapy - external machine
brachytherapy - implanted/inserted

35
Q

brachytherapy uses principles of

A

ALARA (as low as reasonably acheiveable)
no more than 30 mins, 6ft of space, wear lead apron and dosimeters
must be isolated, stay away from pregnant women and kids 16 or younger

36
Q

immunotherapy

A

cytokines
vaccines
monoclonal antibodies AKA targeted therapy- most successful, usually have flu like symptoms
premedicate with tylenol
side effects: flu like symptoms, tachycardia, confusion, memory loss, insomnia

37
Q

primary prevention of cancer

A

limit drug/smoking use
maintain good health and sleep
diet
regular screenings
use sunscreen

38
Q

seven warning signs of cancer

A

C hange in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesnt heal
U nusual bleeding/discharge
T hickening/lump development
I ndigestion/difficulty swallowing
O bvious changes in wart/mole
N agging cough/ hoarseness

39
Q

secondary screening for cancer

A

ct, mri, pet, xray
cbc, tumor markers, ast, alt, albumin
direct visualization

40
Q

tertiary treatment of cancer

A

cure, control, or palliative
coping education
reconstructive surgery

41
Q

cancer side effect management

A

antiemetic
small frequent meals
increase fluids
cut hair prior to loss
pace activities
daily planner, no multitasking, mind stimulation
no sun exposure
non scented lotions
soft bristle toothbrush

42
Q

cancer pain

A

moderate to severe is common
undertreatment is a big issue
pain is subjective
gabapentin used for neuro pain
PQRST
COLDERRA - characteristics, onset, location, duration, exacerbation, relief, radiation, associated symptoms)

43
Q

TNM classification system of cancer

A

T umar
N odes
M etastasizes

MS exam 2 (9 decks)

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