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Patho Exam 1 > Cellular Regulation > Flashcards

Cellular Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Water percentages

A

Adult bodies: 50-65% water
Child bodies: 75%
*Children are most susceptible to dehydration

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Protects, serves as a boundary, regulates material coming in and out of the cell

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of RNA and assist in the production of enzymes and other proteins needed for cell repair and reproduction

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The internal environment of the cell that is a watery soup of proteins, nucleic acids, gasses, salts, etc.; surrounds and protects the cell

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center or “brain” of the cell; contains the DNA of the cell

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found within the nucleus; synthesizes RNA that forms ribosomes

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

“Transport system”: series of channels in the cytoplasm
Rough ER: has ribosomes; responsible for synthesis of proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and steroids

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Creates energy from food into ATP molecules; supplies 95% of the body’s energy needed for cell repair, movement, and reproduction

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts and correctly ships the proteins produced in the ER; “packaging and sorting system”

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

“Digestive system” of the cell: breaks down large molecules into smaller pieces that the cell can use, clean up intracellular waste, and destroy unwanted bacteria through phagocytosis

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11
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in the size of the cell

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12
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of the cell to an increased workload

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13
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number due to an increased rate of cellular division

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14
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one mature cell with another less mature cell type

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15
Q

Ex causes of atrophy

A

Happens from disuse, nutritional deprivation, decreased hormonal stimulation, aging, denervation pressure

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16
Q

Ex causes of hypertrophy

A

Mechanical signals: stretch

Trophic signals: growth factors, hormones, and vasoactive agents (eg uterine growth)

17
Q

Ex causes of hyperplasia

A

Hormonal: occurs in estrogen-dependent organs (eg uterus and breast)
Compensatory: mechanism that allows certain organs to regenerate (eg liver hepatocytes)

18
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cell growth of specific tissue results in abnormal size, shape, and appearance (eg cervical precancer and cancer r/t HPV)

19
Q

When does cellular injury occur?

A

When the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

20
Q

How do all forms of disease begin?

A

With alterations to cell

21
Q

Cellular injury causes

A

Physical injury: trauma, UV radiation
Toxic injury: external (eg smog) or internal
Infectious injury: bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
Hypoxic Injury: anemia, decreased perfusion, hypoxia, ischemia
Deficiency injury: nutrition and hydration

22
Q

How long can skeletal muscles vs the heart tolerate ischemia?

A

Skeletal muscles: 2-3 hrs

Heart: 20 mins

23
Q

What are liver cells susceptible to?

A

Chemical injury (eg tylenol and OTC cold meds)

24
Q

Free Radicals

A

AKA Reactive Oxygen Species
Unpaired electron; highly unstable and reactive; will try to steal an electron from another molecule, thereby causing a chain reaction (another molecule becomes a free radical)

25
Q

Initiation of free radicals

A

1) Absorption of extreme energy sources (eg UV light)
2) Endogenous reactions when oxygen is reduced to water (eg cell growth and proliferation)
3) Enzymatic metabolism (eg cigarette smoke and alcohol)

26
Q

Ex of free radical damage

A

Lipid peroxidation: destruction of polyunsaturated lipids leading to membrane damage and increased permeability
Protein alterations: causing fragmentation of poly peptide chains
DNA fragmentation: causing decreased protein synthesis
Mitochondrial damage: causing liberation of calcium into the cytosol

27
Q

Ways of terminating free radicals

A

Antioxidant enzymes: block synthesis of free radicals
Endogenous: Catalaste, superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Exogenous: vitamin E

28
Q

Necrosis

A

Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion

29
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes (called lipases) that occur in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures

30
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands; commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia from chemical injury; Coagulation is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state

31
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain; cells are digested by their own hydrolases, so the tissue becomes soft, liquefies, and segregates from healthy tissue, forming cysts

32
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Usually results from tuberculous pulmonary infection; tissue resemble clumped cheese in that they are soft and granular; a granulomatous inflammatory wall encloses areas of caseous necrosis

33
Q

Necrosis: gangrene

A

Results from severe hypoxic injury, commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis, or blockage, of major arteries, in particular those of the lower extremities (PVD)

34
Q

Gaseous gangrene

A

Caused by infection of injured tissue by one of many species of Clostridium; produces hydrolytic enzymes and toxins that destroy connective tissue and cellular membranes; leads to gas bubbles to form in muscles cells

35
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis (diabetic ulcer)

36
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Usually the result of coagulative necrosis; the skin becomes very dry and shrinks, resulting in wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black

37
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death and is implicated in both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cells need to die in order for people not to became huge; the avg adult creates 10 billion new cells every day—and destroy the same number)

38
Q

Final step of apoptosis

A

WBC eats apoptic bodies (phagocytosis)

Patho Exam 1 (1 decks)

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