Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT241 > Cellular Regulation > Flashcards

Cellular Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane components(3), and functions(3)

A

components;
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- proteins

functions
- protection
- transport
- communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytoskeleton components

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A
  • resist compression
  • maintain cell shape
  • important for motility; form flagella and cilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microfilaments;

A
  • resist tension
  • form cortical network beneath plasma membrane
  • important for movement; actin & myosin interactions for muscle contraction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • form more permanent structure
  • anchor organelles
  • important in cell adhesion
  • e.g. cytokeratin, neurofilaments, lamins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endomembrane system

A

contains;
- endoplasmic reticulum(smooth & rough)
- golgi apparatus
-vesicles
functions to modify, package, and move proteins & lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Protein kinases

A
  • cellular mechanism of ‘activating’ proteins
  • selectively modify proteins
  • add phosphate to amino acid on protein
  • need ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phosphorylation

A

most common PTM
- addition of phosphate to molecules
- adds negative charge
- causes folded protein to adjust shape
- done by protein kinases and protein phosphatases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lipid soluble ligands - examples

A
  • steroids, cholesterol derived
  • cortisol(adrenal cortex)
  • aldosterone(adrenal cortex)
  • progesterone, estradiol & testosterone(gonads)
  • neurosteroids(neurons & glial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aldosterone, role& signalling pathway

A
  • corticosteroid
  • part of RASS system
  • needed for sodium reabsorption in the nephron
    pathway;
  • binds to mineralocortoid receptor in cell
  • receptor-ligand complex translocates to nucleus
  • upregulates synthesis of sodium/water absorption - related proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid hormone

A
  • travels in blood bound to carrier
  • lipophilic, but iodine charge prevents crossing membrane - enter through channels
  • active form T3, common form T4
    pathway
  • thyroid hormone receptor located inside nucleus, bound to DNA response element
  • inhibits gene transcription when inactive, activation initiates gene transcription
  • involved in metabolism, protein synthesis and bone growth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GPCR pathways

A

pathways;
- cAMP –> activates adenylyl cyclase(AC), which converts ATP to cAMP. –> ion channel opening, affecting gene transcription, change molecules.

  • Phospholipase C –> converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG –> IP3 binds to SER for calcium release, DAG activates PKC for phosphorylation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cortisol actions, pathway, transport, & receptor

A

actions;
- suppresses immune system
- increases blood sugar
- increases metabolism
- increases sodium & water retention
- effect on memory

release;
- corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) released by hypothalamus
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) released by anterior pituitary
- activates GPCR, more intracellular cAMP, PKA stimulation, resulting in upregulation of gene expression for cortisol.

transport & reception
- corticosteroid-binding globulin
- glucocorticoid receptor in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nicotinic Ach receptor

A
  • ligand gated ion channel
  • 5 subunit channel
  • located at neuromuscular junctions in brain
  • cause Na+ influx
  • Na+ influx causes voltage-gated ion channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

JAK-STAT receptor

A
  • cytokine receptor
  • bound by growth hormone or prolactin
    pathways
  • ligand binds to receptor monomers
  • receptor dimerizes
  • JAKs brought closer and cross phosphorylated
  • cytoplasmic STATs phosphorylated, dissociate and dimerize
  • go to nucleus - gene transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insulin receptor

A
  • receptor tyrosine kinase
  • upon binding, dimerizes and cross phosphorylates
    2 pathways
  • PI3K –> GLUT4 channel opens
  • Ras pathway –> transcription
16
Q

CRISPR

A
  • Gene editing tool
  • Cas enzyme + guide RNA breaks target sequence, and faultily repair it, causing mutations.
17
Q

protein-based lab methods

A
  • immunohistochemistry
  • western blot
  • co-immunoprecipitation
  • mass spectrometry
17
Q

RNA-based lab methods

A
  • quantitative PCR
  • RNA sequencing
18
Q

Live cell methods

A
  • calcium imaging
  • electrophysiology
19
Q

sAPPa

A

a signalling molecule
- protects neurons from damage
- promotes neuronal growth and plasticity

20
Q

IHC

A

uses antibodies to visualise antigens
- primary antibody binds to antigen of interest
- secondary antibody binds to primary antibody
- enzyme complex added to amplify signal, and interact with dye
- either a dye or fluorescing agent.

21
Q

Autocrine

A

Communication between nearby cells of the same type
- signal molecule release and recepted
- specificity by selective receptor expression and rapid degradation

21
Q

Juxtacrine

A

communication by cell-cell contact
- often has gap junctions
- rapid

22
Q

Paracrine

A

local signalling between difference cell types

23
Q

Endocrine

A

signaling between distant cells
- utilizes vascular system

24
Q

cAMP signalling pathway

A

Gs alpha subunit binds to a adenylyl cyclase activating it
- adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
–> open nucleotide gated channels
–> activate EPAC
–> activate PKA

PKA
–> glygogen to glucose
–> gene transcription
–> faster heart muscle contraction

25
Q

PLC pathway

A

gq alpha subunit activates phospholipase C at plasma membrane
PIP2–> IP3 & DAG
- IP3 causes SER calcium release
- DAG activates PKC

26
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • signals through GPCR
  • alpha subunit trades GDP for GTP, activates adenylyl cyclase
    –> more cAMP = increase PKA function
    –> PKA increases activity of glycogen phosphorylase, and decreases activity of glycogen synthase.
27
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • fas ligand binds to Fas (TNF) receptor –> receptor trimerises –> bind FADD –> forms DISC –> activates caspases
28
Q

Stroke and glutamate excitotoxicity

A

Ishaemic stroke - too litle oxygen.
- glulamate release,
- decreased glutamate uptake
- leads to cytotoxicity

29
Q

COVID-19

A

binds ACE2 receptor–> regulates angiotensin II –> increases blood pressure and inflammation

30
Q

Asthma inhalers

A

agonist for B2 adrenergic receptor agonist –> airway relaxation & reduced inflammation

31
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A
  • mood-controlling neurotransmitter
  • ssri’s prevent uptake; more lasting serotinin
32
Q

Immodium

A
  • treats diahorrea –> slows gut peristalsis
33
Q

Paracetamol

A

inhibits enzymes COX 1&2 that produce prostaglandins, prevent inflamation.
- antagonist of TRPV1 receptor

ANAT241 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions