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*Y2 MCD Cancer* > Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define Metaplasia:

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelial) is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Change in the oesophageal epithelium from stratified squamous to simple columnar due to gastro-oesophageal reflux

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3
Q

What type of Physiological metaplasia occurs during pregnancy?

A

When the cervix opens during pregnancy the columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal is exposed to the acidic uterine fluids making it become more squamous.

When the cervix closes up the cell type reverts, hence why metaplasia is reversible

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4
Q

Define Dysplasia:

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

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5
Q

What is the key architectural feature of dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia is in a pre-invasive stage with an intact basement membrane

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6
Q

What are common cellular features of dysplasia?

A

Large and hyperchromatic nuclei

Increased and abnormal mitoses

increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio

Mitotic figures are abundant, abnormal, and in places where they aren’t usually found

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7
Q

Name six sites where dysplasia is common and what it is due to:

A

Bronchus - Smoking

Larynx - Smoking

Oesophagus - Acid reflux

Stomach - Pernicious anaemia

Cervix - HPV infection

Colon - Ulcerative collitis

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8
Q

What features of this cervical biopsy indicate dysplasia?

A

Left is normal: Compact at bottom then more spaced out towards lumen

Right: Cells not maturing - Compact cells w/dark, dense nuclei on the surface which are normally seen further down

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9
Q

What is the difference between low-grade and high-grade dysplasia?

A

Both show changes of dysplasia, but the changes are more severe in high-grade - bigger nuclei and higher nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio

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10
Q

What is the significance of Low and High-grade dysplasia?

A

Low-grade: Low risk of progression to cancer

High-grade: High risk of progression to cancer

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11
Q

Define Neoplasia:

A

Any new growth - benign or malignant

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12
Q

Define Malignancy:

A

An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells, unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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13
Q

What is the main definition of Benign tumours?

A

They do not invade and do not metastasise

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14
Q

What are four common features of Benign Tumours?

A

They are encapsulated - have a compressed capsule around them

They are usually well-differentiated - they look like the tissues they came from

They are slow-growing

They have normal mitoses

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15
Q

What are the six ways Benign tumours may be fatal?

Give an example for each:

A

Dangerous Location: Meninges, pituitary

Secrete something dangerous: insulinoma

Cause infection: bladder

Bleeds: stomach

Ruptures: Liver adenoma (can cause massive haemoperitonium)

Torts (twists): ovarian cyst

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16
Q

Define Metastasis:

A

A discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells at some distance from the primary cancer

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17
Q

What is the main definition of Malignant tumours?

A

Invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites

18
Q

What are four common features of malignant tumours?

A

No capsule

Well to poorly differentiated

Rapidly growing

Abnormal mitoses

19
Q

What determines the site of metastasis?

A

The lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site

20
Q

What determines the prognosis of malignant cancer?

A

Whether it has spread

Whether it has involved the lymph nodes

21
Q

Name seven types of tumour classifications:

A

Benign epithelial tumours

Carcinomas

Benign soft-tissue tumours

Sarcomas

Leukaemia & Lymphoma

Teratoma

Hamartoma

22
Q

What are Benign Epithelial tumours of the surface of the epithelium known as?

Where may they be found?

A

Papillomas

Skin, Bladder

23
Q

What are benign epithelial tumours of the glandular epithelium known as?

Where may they be found?

A

Adenomas

Stomach, Thyroid, Colon, Kidney, Pituitary, Pancreas

24
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

A malignant tumour derived from the epithelium

25
Q

What is a Benign Glandular epithelial tumour that becomes malignant known as?

A

Adenocarcinoma

26
Q

How are carcinomas classified?

Name four types:

A

By the tissues they came from:

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium found in the bladder)

Basal cell carcinoma

27
Q

Name three types of benign soft tissue tumours and where they come from:

A

Osteomas - Bone

Lipomas - Fat

Leiomyomas - Smooth muscle

28
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

A malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (Mesenchymal cells)

29
Q

What are 6 types of connective tissue a malignant tumour can come from?

Name the type of cancer for each:

A

Fat - Liposarcoma

Bone - Osteosarcoma

Cartilage - Chondrosarcoma

Striated muscle - Rhabdomyosarcoma

Smooth muscle - Leiomyosarcoma

Nerve sheath - Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour

30
Q

What is Leukaemia?

A

Malignant tumour of Bone Marrow derived cells which circulate in the blood

31
Q

What is Lymphoma?

A

Malignant tumour of Lymphocytes (usually) in Lymph nodes

32
Q

What is a mix of Lymphoma and Leukaemia?

A

Malignant tumours of lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow that are found in the lymph nodes

33
Q

What is a Teratoma?

A

A tumour derived from Germ Cells which has the potential to develop into tumours of all three germ cell layers

(Ectoderm Mesoderm + Endoderm)

34
Q

What are the three Germ cell layers?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

35
Q

What are the patterns of malignancy in Gonadal teratomas between males and females?

A

In Males - almost always Malignant

In females - mostly benign

36
Q

What is a Hamartoma?

A

Localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ

  • Cells are the appropriate type, but are architecturally abnormal
37
Q

What are the two methods of differentiation of tumours?

A

Staging and Grading

38
Q

What is tumour grading?

A

How poorly differentiated they are

39
Q

What is tumour staging?

A

How far the tumour has spread

40
Q

What are tumours that show little or no differentiation described as?

A

Anaplastic

41
Q

What are four morphological features that can be used to determine how differentiated a tumour is?

A

Production of:

Keratin (Squamous cells)

Mucin (Glandular epithelium)

Bile (Hepatocytes)

Hormones

42
Q

What is more important in determining cancer prognosis, Grade or Stage?

A

Stage

(High stage often = high grade)

*Y2 MCD Cancer* (3 decks)

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