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Y2 Cancer > Cellular pathology of cancer > Flashcards

Cellular pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelial) is replaced by another adult cell type

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2
Q

Define dysplasia

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

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3
Q

Describe what changes occur in dysplasia

A

pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane
loss of architectural orientation
loss in uniformity of individual cells

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4
Q

What is the appearance of the nuclei and mitotic figures in displasia

A

nuclei: hyperchromatic, enlarged

mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where not usually found

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5
Q

Which tissues are dysplasia common in

A 
Cervix - HPV infection
Bronchus - Smoking
Colon - UC
Larynx - Smoking
Stomach - Pernicious anaemia
Oesophagus - Acid reflux
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6
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Tumour, malignancy

An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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7
Q

What features do benign tumours have that malignant do not

A 
Does not invade or metastasise
Encapsulated
Usually well differentiated
Slowly growing
Normal mitoses
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8
Q

What could cause a benign tumour to be fatal

A

Being in dangerous place: meninges, pituitary

Secretes something dangerous: insulinoma

Gets infected: bladder

Bleeds: stomach

Ruptures: liver adenoma

Torts (twisted): ovarian cyst

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9
Q

What features do malignant tumours have that benign do not

A 
Invade surrounding tissues
Spread to distant sites
No capsule
Well to poorly differentiated
Rapidly growing
Abnormal mitoses
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10
Q

Define metastasis

A

A metastasis is a discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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11
Q

What does metastasis depend on

A

These depend on the lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site
Lymph node involvement has a worse prognosis
e.g. Colon:

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12
Q

What proportion are Dukes A or C

A

Dukes A - 90%,

Dukes C - 30%

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13
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumour

A

Papilloma or adenoma

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14
Q

What is a benign epithelial adenoma

A

Tumour of glandular epithelium

e.g. stomach, thyroid, colon, kidney, pituitary, pancreas

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15
Q

What is a benign epithelial papilloma

A

Tumour of surface epithelium

e.g. skin, bladder

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16
Q

What is a carcinoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from epithelium

17
Q

Give some types of carcinomas

A

squamous cell
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell
basal cell carcinoma

18
Q

Give an example of benign soft tissue tumours

A

Osteoma

19
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

A malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

20
Q

What is the nomenclature for sarcomas of fat, bone, cartilage, started and smooth muscle and nerve sheath

A 
Fat = Liposarcoma
Bone = Osteosarcoma
Cartilage = Chondrosarcoma
striated M = rhabdomyosarcoma 
smooth M = leiomyosarcoma
Nerve sheath = malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour
21
Q

What is leukaemia

A

A malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells which circulate in the blood

22
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes

23
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A teratoma is a tumour derived from germ cells, which have the potential to develop into tumours of all three germ cell layers:
ectoderm,
mesoderm,
endoderm

24
Q

What are the differences in teratomas between sexes

A

Gonadal teratomas in males are all malignant

Gonadal teratomas in females are mostly are benign

25
Q

What is a hamartoma and give an example

A

localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ
e.g. bile duct hamartomas, bronchial hamartomas

26
Q

Describe the cells in hamartomas and which age group hamartomas are common in

A

Cells are mature but architecturally abnormal

Common in children, and should stop growing when they do

27
Q

What is the criteria for assessing differentiation of a malignant tumour

A 
Evidence of normal function still present production of:
	keratin, 
	mucin
	bile
	hormones
28
Q

What is the name given to a tumour with no differentiation

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

29
Q

What does stage of a tumour describe

A

How far it has spread

Higher stage = spread further

30
Q

What does the grade of a tumour describe

A

Degree of differentiation

Higher grade = more poorly differentiated

31
Q

What is the relationship between stage and grade of a tumour

A

Tumours of higher grade tend to be of higher stage

Overall, stage is more important than grade in determining prognosis

32
Q

What is the TNM system

A

Tumour, Node, Metastasis

Y2 Cancer (16 decks)

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