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MCD Cancer > Cellular pathology of cancer > Flashcards

Cellular pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type (usually epithelium) is replaced with another cell type

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2
Q

What is a common example of pathological metaplasia and what happens?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus- Gastro-oesophageal reflux causes the oesophageal epithelium to change from squamous to columnar

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3
Q

What is a common example of physiological metaplasia?

A

In pregnancy the cervix opens up and the columnar epithelium of the endocervical canal is exposed to the acidic uterine fluids making it become squamous

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4
Q

What is gastric metaplasia?

A

Stratified squamous to simple columnar

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5
Q

What is intestinal metaplasia?

A

Goblet cells appear

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6
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

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7
Q

What is dysplasia a common sign of?

A

Cells that are on the road to cancer

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8
Q

What stage is dysplasia?

A

Pre-invasive with an intact basement membrane

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9
Q

What are the cell features of cancer?

A 
Large nuclei
Increased mitoses
Abnormal mitoses
Increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
Loss of architectural orientation
Loss of uniformity of individual cells
Hyperchromatic and enlarged
Mitotic figures are abundant, abnormal and in places where they aren't usually found
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10
Q

Where is dysplasia common and why?

A 
Cervix- HPV infection
Bronchus- smoking
Colon- ulcerative colitis
Larynx- smoking
Stomach- pernicious anaemia
Oesophagus- acid reflux
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11
Q

What does normal cellular maturation look like (in the cervix)?

A

Cells are very compact at the bottom and then become more and more spaced out towards the lumen

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12
Q

What does abnormal cell maturation look like?

A

Compact cells with dark dense nuclei on the surface- these cells are normally seen further down

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13
Q

What is the difference between low and high grade dysplasia?

A

Both show changes of dysplasia but changes are more severe in high grade and there is a greater risk of progression to cancer- the nuclei are bigger and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is higher in high grade

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14
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Any new growth, belong or malignant

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15
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Swelling (nasal polyps are considered tumours)

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16
Q

What is malignancy?

A

An abnormal autonomous proliferation of cells, unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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17
Q

What are the features of a benign tumour?

A 
Don't invade or metastasise
Encapsulated- compressed capsule
Usually well differentiated
Slowly growing
Normal mitoses
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18
Q

What is the exception to benign tumours being encapsulated?

A

Fibroids (leiomyoma) in the uterus

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19
Q

When do benign tumours become fatal?

A 
In a dangerous location- meninges and pituitary
Secrete something dangerous- insulinoma
Gets infected- bladder
Bleeds- stomach
Ruptures- liver adenoma
Torts- ovarian cyst
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20
Q

What are the features of a malignant tumour?

A 
They invade surrounding tissues
Spread to distant sites
No capsule
Well to poorly differentiated
Rapidly growing
Abnormal mitoses
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21
Q

What is a metastasis?

A

A discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells at some distance from the primary cancer

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22
Q

What do the sites of metastasis depend on?

A

Lymphatic and vascular drainage of the primary site

23
Q

Give an example of the sites of metastasis being affected by lymphatic and vascular drainage?

A

Pancreas is drained by splenic vein which then goes via the hepatic portal vein to the liver so pancreatic carcinomas tend to present with liver metastases

24
Q

What is the effect of lymph node involvement?

A

It worsens the prognosis

25
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Benign tumour of surface epithelium

26
Q

What is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium called?

A

Adenoma

27
Q

Where are papillomas found?

A

Skin and bladder

28
Q

Where are adenomas found?

A

Stomach, thyroid, colon, pituitary and pancreas

29
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

A malignant tumour derived from epithelium

30
Q

What are the different types of carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinomas
Basal cell carcinoma

31
Q

What are carcinomas classified by?

A

The tissues that they come from

32
Q

What is a benign soft tissue tumour of bone called?

A

Osteoma

33
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

Benign tumour of fat

34
Q

What is a benign tumour of smooth muscle called?

A

Leiomyoma

35
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

36
Q

What makes up the prefix of a sarcoma?

A

The site of the tumour

37
Q

What is a sarcoma of cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

38
Q

What is a sarcoma of striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

39
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma?

A

Smooth muscle sarcoma

40
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Malignant tumour of bone marrow derived cells in which circulate in the blood

41
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

Malignant tumour of lymphocytes in lymph nodes

42
Q

What is teratoma?

A

A tumour derived from germ cells which has the potential to develop into tumours of all three germ cell layers

43
Q

What are the three germ cell layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

44
Q

What is the difference between gonadal teratomas in males and females?

A

In males, they are almost all malignant

In females, they are mostly benign

45
Q

What is haemartoma?

A

Localised growth of cells and tissues native to the organ- tissues that are present are appropriate for that particular part of the body but the way that they are architecturally arranged is inappropriate

46
Q

What population are haemartomas common in?

A

Children

47
Q

How are tumours classified?

A

They are graded and staged

48
Q

What is the grading of a tumour?

A

How well differentiated they are

49
Q

What is the staging of a tumour?

A

How far they’ve spread

50
Q

What is more important between grading and staging?

A

Staging

51
Q

What needs to be done when a tumour is found?

A

You need to find out if it is primary or secondary- this is done histologically and looking for evidence for normal function

52
Q

What is the specific grading system for breast cancer?

A

Nottingham scoring system

53
Q

What is the specific grading system for prostate cancer?

A

Gleason classification

54
Q

What are tumours that show little or no differentiation described as?

A

Anaplastic

MCD Cancer (15 decks)

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