cellular pathology Flashcards
pathology
the study of disease
disease
deviation from normal state of health and wellness
Etiology
the cause of the disease
Pathophysiology
what happens in the body during disease
pathogenesis
both etiology and pathogenesis combined
prevalence
how many of the cases are present in a population at risk
Incidence
how many cases occur in a population at risk over a given time
symptom
subjective reporting by pt
sign
observations by health care provider
diagnosis
a definition of an illness
treatment
intervention that eliminates the disease
Prognosis
how well we can predict how a disease is going to act
morbidity
incidence or disease state of individual or incidence of illness in a population
mortality
incidence of death in a population
Idiopathic
cause is unknown
Iatrogenic
disease caused by medical intervention
acute
- sudden and obvious onset
2. short term, develops quickly, resolves quickly
Insidious
slow and less obvious
Subacute
mid way between acute and chronic
Chronic
long term illness that may never resolve, usually sets in slowly
Latent
no clinical signs evident (incubation period in infectious diseases)
Prodromal stage
illness is evident but isn’t possible to accurately define it
Syndrome
a collection of signs and symptoms that occur together in response to illness
Atrophy
cells decrease in size
Hypertrophy
cells increase in size
Hyperplasia
cells increase in number
Neoplasia
increased growth of tissue (increase in number of cells resulting in a tumour)
Metaplasia
one mature cell type is replaced by another
Dysplasia
cells become abnormal in size and shape (precursor to cancer)
Anaplasia
cells become less differentiated (look like stem cells)
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Necrosis
death of a cell due to metabolic damage
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen
Ischemia (anoxia)
lack of blood flow
Physical agents
heat, cold, radiation
mechanical stresses
trauma
Coagulative necrosis
most common, cell proteins are altered, prevention of lysis, typically in solid internal organs
mostly occurs from anoxia(ischemia)
Liquefactive necrosis
dead cells liquefy, most often in brain, can be second stage to coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
typically in tuberculosis (fungal infections), special coagulative necrosis with limited liquefaction, tissue becomes cheesy and yellow/white
Fat necrosis
special liquefactive necrosis, limited to fat tissue (pancreas or breast)
PMNs
most numerous of circulating WBC, up to 5 nuclei, 1st cell to arrive at inflammation cite
Eosinophils
2-3% of circulating WBC, slower mobility and reaction to stimuli, Segmented nucleus (2), allergic reactions and parasites
Basophils
less than 1% of circulating WBC, important for inflammation, mediated by IgE, larger than PMNs
Macrophages
deerived from blood monocytes, larger than PMNs, 3-4 days after onset of inflammation
Platelets
no nucleus, released from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, contain granules
Lymphocytes
involved in chronic forms of inflammation
transudate
fluid that passes through the membrane, fewer cells than exudate
Exudate
fluid released from body with high concentration of cells and protein
PAthogenesis of inflammation (4)
- changes in circulation of blood
- changes in vessel wall permeability
- release of soluble mediators of inflammation
- cellular events
