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cellular pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

what are cellular pathogens?

A

cellular pathogens are living organisms that cause disease within a host and are capable of all functions associated with living independently such as: movement, reproduction, sensitivity, respiration, excretion and nutrition

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2
Q

what are the common 4 factors that all living cells share and what to they help the cell do

A
  • genetic material
  • cytosol
  • ribosome
  • plasma membrane
    These factors help the cell live independently and not be reliant upon a host to survive
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3
Q

what are the types of cellular pathogens?

A
  • protozoa
  • bacteria
  • parasites
  • fungi
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4
Q

what are bacteria?

A

prokaryotic, unicellular organelles that lack membrane bound organelles. They are considered to be the first life on earth and can infect almost any part of the body

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5
Q

how do bacteria cause disease?

A

they cause disease in a variety of ways
- produce toxins that build up and disrupt the normal functioning of cells - such as releasing toxins that damage the cell membrane
- damage host cells directly
- interfere with the immune system
bacteria are capable of dividing rapidly once inside the host cell (every 20 minutes)

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6
Q

what are the shapes of bacteria and their names?

A 
coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
vibrio (comma shaped)
spirilla (spiral)
spirochaete (corkscrew)
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7
Q

how do we recognise allied bacteria from harmful bacteria?

A

A mothers milk contains some good bacteria that gets passed to the baby. This bacteria then lives in the gut and helps the baby digest food as well as recognise between good and bad bacteria

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8
Q

how to treat bacterial infections?

A

antibiotics treat bacterial infections

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9
Q

how do antibiotics treat bacterial infections?

A

antibiotics kill bacteria or slow bacterial growth
- They must be selective for bacteria, making sure that unique mechanisms or components of the harmful bacteria are targeted so that the body’s own cells are not affected

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10
Q

what are superbugs?

A

the term ‘superbugs’ is used to describe any organism that has developed a resistance to antibiotics due to the overuse and overexposure of antibiotics
usually bacteria are superbugs but fungi and parasites can develop resistance too

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11
Q

what are modes of transmission for types of bacterial pathogens?

A

bacteria have various modes of transmission including, direct contact, indirect contact, medium transmission and through vectors

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12
Q

what are some bacterial infections and symptoms?

A 
scarlet fever
cholera 
bubonic plague 
tuberculosis
symptoms include: fever, abdominal pain, headaches, irritation in skin, constipation and diarrhoea
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13
Q

what are eukaryotic pathogens (types)

A

fungi and parasites

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14
Q

what are fungi

A

they are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular

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15
Q

where are fungi found?

A

they are primarily found in terrestrial environments that are high in moisture

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16
Q

where do fungi cause disease

A

mostly affect external surfaces like the skin and are capable of causing disease in humans however they are far more problematic in plants

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17
Q

structure of fungi

A

main body of a fungus has a long filament called a hyphae branching off it

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18
Q

functions of hyphae

A

hyphae contains cytoplasm and nucleus which are responsible for the growth of fungus and secretes digestive enzymes into surroundings to help break down organic matter for nutrient absorption

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19
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

they spread microscopic spores in same manner in which plants produce seeds. Tiny spores formed on hyphae are picked up by wind and transported to new areas where they grow

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20
Q

How do fungi cause disease

A
  • direct contact with fungal spores or digestive enzymes which cause irritation on skin
  • inhalation of enzyme or spores can cause disease
  • ## the parasitic nature of fungi results in cell death in plants - fungal hyphae of spores enter plants and live off plant resources. Fungi penetrate root hairs and prevent plants taking water
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21
Q

how to treat fungal infections

A
  • exposure to sunlight
  • limit exposure to water
  • antifungal creams
  • fungicides
  • quarantine
  • oral medication
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22
Q

what are protozoa?

A

unique unicellular organisms belonging to protist kingdom

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23
Q

What environments to protozoa favour?

A
  • they favour moist environments such as waterways and soil and some species are part of the natural flora
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24
Q

bad thing about protozoa

A
  • there are only a very small amount of protozoa that are considered pathogenic however there are not many vaccines or drugs against protozoa due to their complex reproductive strategy and use of multiple hosts
    Protozoa are resistant to adverse conditions
25
Q

modes of transmission of protozoa

A

mostly direct ingestion of dormant cysts and bites from insects

26
Q

structure of protozoa

A

consist of cillia and flagella which allow the protozoa to be highly mobile

27
Q

what are non cellular pathogens

A

they are disease causing agents that lack the cellular structures necessary for independent replication and don’t have ribosomes or cytosol. The onset of symptoms within a host is based on pathogens ability to increase numbers within a host using host cell machinery

28
Q

what are non-cellular pathogens

A

non-cellular infectious agents that cause disease by forcing host cells to create multiple copies of the virus which infect other cells and disrupt their function. Cannot independently replicate and don’t possess cytosol or ribosomes

29
Q

why are viruses called obligates?

A

because they can’t survive outside the host cell and therefore are obligated to infect more cells to survive

30
Q

what is a virion?

A

outside of a cell, a virus is called a virion

31
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

viruses come in a wide range of shapes and sizes

they have genetic material and a protective protein shell known as a capsid

32
Q

characteristics of viral genetic material

A

the viral genome contains nucleic acids- either DNA or RNA but not both
the genetic material used by viral DNA is universal in nature ensuring that host cell’s machinery can be used to synthesise and assemble new viral particles

33
Q

what is a capsid

A

a protein shell that surrounds the genetic material that provides protection for the genome and houses enzymes that helps virus to enter the host cell

34
Q

what is a viral envelope?

A

some viruses contain an external layer known as a viral envelope

  • the virus ‘borrows’ a section of the host cells membrane, as it exists the cell, to use as a viral envelope
  • glycoproteins embedded in the lipid membrane help virus bind and infect the host cell
35
Q

how do viruses enter the cell

A

virus binds to the receptors on cell’s surface and then enters the cell

36
Q

how are viruses transmitted between individuals

A
37
Q

plant viruses function

A

they use host cell machinery to make copies of themselves

38
Q

similarity between plant viruses

A

most plant viruses have RNA genomes and a capsid but no viral evelope

39
Q

how are viruses transmitted from plant to plant

A

transmission usually occurs through a vector- insect feeding on one plant and carrying th virus to another plant. Virus can be transmitted into the phloem through sap and will usually move through chanells called plasmodesmata, allowing it to sprea through plants
other methods include:
-spread of infectd pollen or seeds
- agricultural practses that transfer sap from a wounded plant to a healthy one

40
Q

what are bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria and are the most abundant biological agent on the planet

41
Q

structure of a bacteriophages

A

they contain viral genome and a capsid and they must enter a host cell before they can replicate

42
Q

how do bacteriophages work

A

the inject their genome into the bacterial cell upon attachment

43
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

study of disease distribution and control

44
Q

what are prions

A

pathogenic protein with a mutant structure that can trigger normal proteins to fold abnormally. The are associated with a range of neuro-degenerative diseases in humans and animals

45
Q

things to know about prions

A
  • they dont have any form of genetic material so they are unique in their abiliy to cause disease
46
Q

how do prions cause disease

A

proteins that prions arise from exist naturally in the membran of neurons. In case of disease, prions are misfolded, giving rise to a mutant shape. When a misfolded protein comes into contact with the normal form, it converts into the mutant form. When enough prions are produced, they come together forming plaques that damage neaural tissue, afecting brain function known as transmissable enthalpy

47
Q

how do prions spread

A

prions can arise spontaneously through mutation in genes that code for normal prion protiens- more commonly they are passed on through consumption of infected food

48
Q

what are exotoxins and endotoxins in bacteria?

A

exotoxins: toxins released by bacteria into its surrounding environment
endotoxins: toxins present within a bacteria that are released when it disintergrates

49
Q

what is a virus?

A

a non cellular pathogen that causes disease by taking over host cell machinery to rapidly produce identical virus copies which further infect host cells, disrupting normal cellular function

50
Q

what are bacterial spores?

A

structures that bacteria form that aid in the survival of the organism under adverse environmental conditions.

51
Q

how are fungal infections transmitted

A

through direct contact, ingestion and inhalation of spores and digestive enzymes

52
Q

how do fungi cause disease in animals?

A

fungi are superficial so they usually infect external surfaces like the skin.
contact with digestive enzymes released from the hyphae can cause irritation and inflammation in the skin
spore inhalation into lungs and implantation of spores onto skin can also cause fungal disease

53
Q

how do fungi cause disease in plants?

A

the parasitic nature of fungi in plants results in plant death.
Fungal hyphae or spores make their way into the plant and live on the plant’s resources. Once the fungi grows, it causes the plant’s stress, causing it to die.

54
Q

what is a virion?

A

Virus that is outside of the host cell

55
Q

what is a viroid?

A

A viroid is a virus that only consists of genetic material and infects plants

56
Q

what is cillia in protozoan?

A

short microtubule projections from the cell that move to provide motility or movement of the cell

57
Q

characteristics of protozoan

A

they are unicellular and dont contain a cell wall and are opportunistic pathogens meaning they infect host when they are weak

58
Q

what does it mean when a virus is dormant?

A

when a virus is present within a host cell but it is inactive and therefore does no currently cause symptoms associated with the disease

biology (9 decks)

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