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Endocrine-Week 3/4 > Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs _________ after your last meal

A

4-12 hours

*along with Gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs ________ after your last meal

A

1-2 days

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3
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the…

A

cytosol

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4
Q

(Glucokinase/Hexokinase) is a regulatory enzyme for the Liver

A

Glucokinase

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5
Q

(Glucokinase/Hexokinase) is a regulatory enzyme for Muscle

A

Hexokinase

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6
Q

_______________________ ___________________ in the Muscle dictates whether pyruvate turns into Acetyl CoA (in mitochondria) or Lactate (cytosol)

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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7
Q

Major regulatory enzymes for Glycolysis in the LIVER (3 total)

A

Glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate Kinase (mitochondria)

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8
Q

Enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-P (either in the Liver or Muscle)

A

Glucokinase (liver)

Hexokinase (muscle)

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9
Q

Purpose of Glucokinase and Hexokinase

A

Phosphorylate glucose to keep it in the cell

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10
Q

Hexokinase (is/isn’t) inhibited by Glucose-6-P and has a (low/high) capacity for glucose storage

A

Is inhibited; low capacity for storage*

*muscle not meant to store

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11
Q

Glucokinase (is/isn’t) inhibited by Glucose-6-P and has a (low/high) capacity for glucose storage

A

Is not inhibited; high capacity for storage*

*liver is meant for storage

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12
Q

Rate-limiting step for Glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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13
Q

Product of PFK-1

A

Fructose-1-6-biphosphate

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14
Q

The rate-limiting step for Glycolysis, PFK-1, is further regulated by…

A

PFK-2

*can further stimulate glycolysis and storage, even in energy-satisfied states

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15
Q

Which enzyme reverses the effects of PFK-2

A

Fructose biphosphatase-2 (seen gluconeogenesis)

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16
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is unstable and donates its phosphate group to…

A

ATP

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17
Q

The conversion of PEP to pyruvate is (reversible/irreversible)

A

Irreversible (so takes a conversion to oxaloacetate to malate and a shuttle to get back)

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18
Q

Enzyme that converts PEP to Pyruvate

A

Pyruvate Kinase (irreversible)

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19
Q

Pyruvate Kinase is stimulated by _____________________________ and inhibited by _______

A

Stimulated: Fructose-1-6-Biphosphate
Inhibited: ATP

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20
Q

Regulatory enzyme that links Glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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21
Q

________ is ESSENTIAL for glycolysis

A

NAD+

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22
Q

(Fed/Fasting) state is when ingested nutrients enter the GI tract

A

Fed (or Absorptive) state

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23
Q

(Fed/Fasting) state is when the GI tract is empty and body stores must supply energy

A

Fasting (or Postabsorptive)

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24
Q

Where can Glucose/energy be stored in the body

A

Skeletal muscle (glycogen)
Adipose (triglycerides)
Liver (glycogen and triglycerides)

25
Q

What are the ONLY fuel sources for the brain

A

Glucose
Ketones*

*only during prolonged starvation

26
Q

Where are the LARGEST glycogen stores in the body

A

Muscle

27
Q

The largest TOTAL energy stores in the body is where?

A

Adipose

*largest GLYCOGEN is muscle

28
Q

The Liver removes roughly ________ of glucose from the blood

A

2/3

29
Q

The liver makes NADPH for fatty acid syntheses via what process?

A

Pentose P Shunt

30
Q

The absence of mitochondria in RBCs means that they can ONLY use ___________ for energy

A

Glucose (convert to lactate)

31
Q

During the Fed state, what is produced?

A

CO2, H2O and energy (Glycolysis)
Glycogen (liver and muscle)
Triglycerides (liver and adipose)

32
Q

Metabolic processes during the Fasting State

A

Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)

Gluconeogenesis (from protein and fat)

33
Q

During lipolysis, hydrolysis produces what two products? (2 total)

A

Glycerol

Free Fatty acids

34
Q

Normal range of blood glucose

A

70-100 mg/dL

35
Q

What hormones increase during Hyperglycemia (4 total)

A

Insulin
Amylin
GLP-1
GIP

36
Q

What hormones increase during Hypoglycemia (5 total)

A 
Glucagon
Epi
GH
Cortisol
Thyroxine
37
Q

Peptide that is co-released with Insulin; Dec. gastric emptying, glucagon release and appetite

A

Amylin

38
Q

Incretins that enhance Insulin release in response to inc. blood glucose levels

A

GLP-1 & GIP

39
Q

GLP-1 and GIP function to (enhance/inhibit) Insulin release in response to (increased/decreased) glucose levels

A

Enhance Insulin release; increased blood sugar

40
Q

Functions of Insulin

A

Inc. glucose uptake into Liver, Muscles and Adipocytes (storage as glycogen or fatty acids)
Cessation of Glycogenolysis

41
Q

Which hormones oppose the action of Insulin (4 total)

A

Which hormones oppose the action of Insulin (4 total)

42
Q

Which organ is the main target of glucagon

A

Liver (breakdown of glycogen and create ketones)

43
Q

Glucokinase has a (higher/lower) affinity for glucose

A

Lower affinity (doesn’t hog glucose, allows rest of body to have some; only stores glucose at really high levels)

44
Q

Why is Glucokinase having a LOW affinity for glucose beneficial

A

Doesn’t hog glucose, allowing the rest of the body to have some; ONLY stores glucose at really high levels

45
Q

Glycogen (synthase/phosphorylase) increases glycogen synthesis

A

Synthase

46
Q

Glycogen (synthase/phosphorylase) increases glycogen breakdown

A

Phosphorylase

47
Q

Glucokinase is found only in the Liver (True or False)

A

False; also in Beta cells (let pancreas know when glucose levels are really high)

48
Q

How do Epi and Thyroxine act synergistically during the Fasting State?

A

Individually, only a little release of FAs from adipose

Together, a LARGE amount released

49
Q

Describe the roles of Cortisol in metabolism

A

Inc. gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteinolysis

50
Q

Describe the roles of GH in metabolism

A

Mobilize glucose (inc. lipolysis and gluconeogenesis while dec. uptake)

51
Q

Example of Secondary active glucose transporter in Nephrons and Intestines

A

Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporters (SGLTs)

52
Q

Glucose transporter present in ALL tissues; HIGH affinity (so rapid uptake)

A

GLUT-1

53
Q

Glucose transporter present only in Liver, Beta cells and Intestine; LOW affinity; BIDIRECTIONAL flow

A

GLUT-2

54
Q

Glucose transporter; main transporter in the CNS

A

GLUT-3

55
Q

Glucose transporter in Muscle and Adipocytes; INSULIN responsive

A

GLUT-4

56
Q

Exercise stimulates the insertion of what glucose transporter into skeletal muscle

A

GLUT-4 (insulin responsive)

57
Q

What STIMULATES Pancreatic Beta-cells (and thus Insulin release)

A

Inc. glucose or amino acids
Beta-adrenergic agonists
Inc. Parasympathetic activity
Inc. GIP and GLP-1

58
Q

What INHIBITS Pancreatic Beta-cells (and thus Insulin release)

A

Glucagon
Somatostatin
NorEpi
Alpha-adrenergic agonists

Endocrine-Week 3/4 (9 decks)

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