Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Molecules to Cells > Cellular Life > Flashcards

Cellular Life Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are biomolecules?

A

Chemicals made inside a living thing that is involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What element do all biomolecules contain?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four major types of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Proteins.
Nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List two nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Long polymers made of repeating units of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main functions of nucleic acids?

A

To store and transfer genetic information
To use the genetic information to synthesize new protein
RNA such as m-RNA takes genetic message from RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are proteins important on a cellular level?

A

(Products of genes)

- Catalysts to promote replication (Enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are lipids important on a cellular level?

A

Give structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are carbohydrates important on a cellular level?

A

Provide energy for growth & replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Properties of Life

A 
Order/Organization
Adaptation
Responsiveness
Reproduction & Heredity
Growth 
Obtain/Use Energy
Control/Regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the molecular processes which aid the common features of living organisms

A

Metabolism

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The total sum of all chemical reactions in the body – the balance of anabolism and catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the purpose of metabolism?

A

Converts the fuel in the food we eat into the energy needed to power everything we do, from moving to thinking to growing.
It maintains the living state of the cells and the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is replication?

A

DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the purpose/significance of DNA replication?

A

If DNA never replicated, meiosis and mitosis would slowly halve the size of the genome until each cell would die.Therefore, it is important that DNA doubles itself to account for the cells splitting during mitosis/meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is life?

A

The capacity for growth and self-replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the processes which allow growth?

A

Metabolism
Maintainance of order
Response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the process which allows for self-replication?

A

Inheritence of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What biomolecules are involved in the growth of an organism

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What biomolecules are involved in the self-replication of DNA in an organism?

A

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

It describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the catalytic events supporting the transmission of genetic information?

A

Metabolism
Growth
Response to Stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What facilitates the transmission of genetic information and processes to support it

A

Cell structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three common features of cells?

A

Nuclear Region
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the nuclear region and what is it’s function

A

Area of a cell where most of its genetic material is found (DNA)
Allows DNA Replication & DNA Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane and what is it’s function

A

Separates cell from outside
Maintains order
Allows transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Cytoplasm and what is it’s function?

A

It contains multiple organelles & sites of catalytic action to support metabolic activities required for growth & replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What biomolecules are present in the nuclear region?

A

DNA + RNA + Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What biomolecules are present in the cytoplasm?

A

Lipid and Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give a function of the nucleus

A

Contains, decides & sends out the instructions for cell behaviour
Controls gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the genetic information contained in bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is the genetic information contained in Eukaryotes?

A

Genetic information (DNA) contained within nuclear membrane separated from cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the three domains in the three domain system?

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

List five differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A 
P = 
no true nucleus and no membrane bound organelles –
metabolism in cytoplasm
nuclear region called “nucleoid”
no membrane separating it
cell Wall gives structure & rigidity
smaller cells
E = 
true nucleus
within nucleus, nucleolus region
no Cell Wall – more fluidic shape
contain organelles (Mitochondria)
larger cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Area rich in ribosomal RNA

obvious under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How is chromosome made visible

A

Only visible in replicating cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the structures in the the Nucleus/Nuclear Region

A

Nuclear Envelope, Nucleolus, Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the nuclear envelope made of?

A

Phospholipid bi-layer forms a Nuclear Membrane studded with Nuclear Pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Allows transport of RNA, proteins, carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus primary function is to assemble ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How does the double helix structure aid the DNA processes DNA replication and DNA transcription

A
  • DNA REPLICATION – whole genome unwinding & copying chromosomes
  • DNA TRANSCRIPTION – regulated unwinding of specific genomes, creation
    of “RNA” copy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a nucleosome and what is it made up of?

A
  • The smallest DNA bundle

- DNA + Histone Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the chromatin made up of?

A

Nucleosomes (DNA + Histone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromosomes are made up of a DNA-protein complex called chromatin that is organized into subunits called nucleosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the template, Catalyst and Product of Transcription

A

Template : DNA (Gene)
Catalyst : RNA polymerase (protein enzyme)
Product : messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Give four differences between DNA and RNA

A 
DNA : double stranded
SUGAR COMPONENT – Deoxyribose 
Thymine as base
Stable Structure
RNA : single strand
SUGAR COMPONENT – Ribose 
URACIL as base
Unstable, short-lived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Does all RNA get turned/translated into Proteins?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why doesn’t DNA directly translate into protein?

A

If DNA would directly have to translate into protein, there is a high risk of the loss of genetic material. Also DNA is very tightly packed, so unwinding it every now and then will not be energy efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the fates of RNA?

A

mRNA : Exported from Nucleus to sites of Protein synthesis (Ribosomes)
rRNA : Forms a complex with proteins - Ribosomes
tRNA : RNA species that links up with Amino acids -> proteins
Found in Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where are ribosomes found (both eukaryotic and prokaryotic?)

A

Found in Pro and Euk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Why are ribosomes important?

A

They are central in flow of genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes?

A

Translate mRNA into PROTEINS

Forms complex of rRNA, proteins, tRNA & mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where are ribosomes found in the cell

A

Ribosomes are found ‘free’ in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where are ribosomes found in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Since there are no membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes, the ribosomes float free in the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the template, catalyst and product of translation?

A

Template : mRNA (Nucleotides)
Catalyst : RIBOSOME (protein & RNA
complex)
Product : Protein (Amino Acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the fate of the protein produced by DNA

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What occurs in the nucleus during protein synthesis?

A

DNA resides

mRNA made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm during protein sythesis?

A

(Ribosome) mRNA translated into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where do the proteins go?

A

The Cytoplasm
The Endomembrane System
The Plasma Membrane
Organelles with a Prokaryotic Origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

Includes the fluid known as cytosol, the supportive structure known as the cytoskeleton and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the cytosol and what is it mainly made up of?

A

Intracellular fluid inside the cell (transparent) and Mainly water, ions, biomolecules/metabolites & proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Is the cytosol and cytoplasm the same thing?

A

The cytoplasm is made up of the cytosol and insoluble suspended particles. The cytosol refers to the water and anything that is soluble and dissolved in it such as ions and soluble proteins. The insoluble suspended particles could be things like ribosomes. Together, they make up the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the functions of the cytosol?

A

Metabolic function - Concentration Gradients of Biomolecules
Contains Protein Complexes (Inflammasomes/Apoptosomes/Centrosomes)
used in cell signalling/division
Contains cytoskeleton proteins - Shape, Structure & Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the three Cytoskeletal proteins?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What’s another name for Actin filaments?

A

Microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

It provides structure and shape to cells
Intracellular transport - The movement of vesicles and substances within the cell. Intracellular transport heavily relies on microtubules for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Actin filaments are the ____ cytoskeletal filaments in eukaryotic cells

A

smallest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Give an example of microfilaments

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Example of microtubules

A

Tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Example of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

A Role of Cytoskeleton: Serves as a scaffold providing _______ ______ and maintaining ______ _____

A

structural support; cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the shape of microtubules

A

Hollow, cylindrical structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The distribution of which cytoskeleton protein determines the shape of the cell and how?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Microtubules facilitate movement of ____ between compartments.

A

vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is the function of microtubules

A

Involved in cellular organization
Centrosome - In mitosis the nuclear membrane breaks down and the centrosome nucleated microtubules can interact with the chromosomes to build the mitotic spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the function of Intermediate filaments?

A

Anchor organelles & organize 3-D shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the function of the microfilaments?

A

Cellular growth as actin filaments polymerizes

& depolymerizes at opposite ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum consist of folds, what are they called and what are their function

A

Cisternae, Pack and modify proteins and polysaccharides
Package the proteins and then send them to transport carriers.
Package polysaccharides that are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum found in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER – studded with Ribosomes, series of flattened sacs.

Smooth ER – no Ribosomes, tubule network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

sites of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

important in lipid synthesis & detoxification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The ER doesnt reach the plasma membrane directly, how does it do this?

A

Vesicles bud off – (membrane bound) &

transport contents around & out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Directs/Sorts traffic inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The New membrane-bound organelles bud off golgi, but where do they go?

A

Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Secretory Vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Why do the new membrane- bound organelles bud off golgi and go to lysosome?

A

for recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Why do the new membrane- bound organelles bud off golgi and go to Plasma membrane?

A

For Transport Functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Why do the new membrane- bound organelles bud off golgi and go to Secretory Vesicles

A

For secretion/export (eg - Exosomes - extracellular vesicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What is the function of smooth er in relation to the Golgi Aparatus?

A

Traffics lipid to Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the function of rough er in relation to the Golgi Aparatus?

A

Delivers protein cargo to Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Aparatus?

A

It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
It directs & sorts trafficking of
proteins within & out of the cell via the Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is the Cis face of the Golgi Aparatus?

A

Nuclear side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is the Trans face of the Golgi Aparatus?

A

Plasma membrane side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis occurs when the cell membrane engulfs particles outside the cell, draws the contents in, and forms an intracellular vesicle called an endosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What is an endosome?

A

Endosomes are a heterogeneous collection of organelles that function in the sorting and delivery of internalized material from the cell surface and the transport of materials from the Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Why is Endocytosis crucial to the survival of a cell?

A

Since most molecules important to the cell cannot normally pass through the cell’s hydrophobic plasma membrane, endocytosis is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What needs to occur in order for endocytosis to happen?

A

Substances must be enclosed within a vesicle formed from the cell (plasma) membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What organelle builds lysosomes?

A

Golgi Aparatus

102
Q

Where is the golgi aparatus found?

A

They are located very near the rough endoplasmic reticulum and hence near the nucleus.

103
Q

What transports lipids and proteins to the Golgi Aparatus?

A

Transport Vesicles

104
Q

Is the Lysosome highly acidic or basic and why?

A

Highly Acidic - Contains degradative enzymes (work at

acidic pH)

105
Q

Why do the substances entering in vesciles enter the lysome?

A

For degredation - Lysosomes contain a wide variety of acidic enzymes that break down macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides.

106
Q

What is the lysosome made up of?

A

Enzymes and a membrane

107
Q

What are the other functions of the lysosome?

A

Important in response to pathogens (PHAGOCYTOSIS)

Important in recycling old organelles (AUTOPHAGY)

108
Q

What is the problem that arises in the cytoplasm in terms of seperation of organelles.

A

Cytoplasm – mainly water,
Proteins
Some nucleic acids (RNA)
(Hydrophilic environment)

109
Q

What does Hydrophilic mean?

A

Water soluble

110
Q

How do you chemically achieve the seperation in the cytoplasm

A

Need something that won’t mix with these polar molecules to provide separation (NON-POLAR)
(Hydrophobic environment)

111
Q

What is Hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobes are nonpolar molecules and do not interact with water molecules.

112
Q

What biomolecule provides the solution to this seperation crisis in the cytoplasm and why?

A

Lipids - Lipids can have hydrophobic & hydrophilic

portions (amphipathic) which is ideal for use in membranes

113
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

It has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

114
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

It contains a phosphate head – water soluble/hydrophilic/polar
2 Fatty Acids (C/H chain) tails – hydrophobic/non-polar, insoluble

115
Q

Give an example of a phospholipid

A 
Phosphatidylcholine
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol 
Two fatty acids
116
Q

Why are phospholipids important?

A

Due to its hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, they play a key role in determining what enters and exits every cell. They make up your cell membranes and is critical to a cell’s ability to function

117
Q

What is a micelle structure?

A

Circular arrangement of phospholipids where the hydrophilic tails are attracted to each other & mix with external soluble environment
Hydrophobic tails are attracted to each other

118
Q

What is a bilayer structure?

A

Flat-sheet containing 2 layers of phospholipids
Hydrophobic tails attracted to each other
Exposing the Hydrophilic Heads to the external and internal water soluble environment

119
Q

What is the function of the Hydrophobic tails?

A

Provide separation

120
Q

What is the function of the Hydrophilic heads?

A

Allow mixing with the environment

121
Q

Why does the phospholipid bilayer want to form a ‘‘circular/enclosed’’ shape?

A

Linear shape with exposed ends will not work - energetically unfavourable and is ideal for cell shape

122
Q

What is the advantage of the aphilic nature of phospholipids?

A

Allows Fluidity - permits Growth, Expansion, Transport

123
Q

Why do phospholipids move laterally?

A

Fatty acid chains in the phospholipids are often unsaturated, so that they don’t pack together tightly

124
Q

How do phospholipids in the cell membrane move?

A

Individual phospholipids can rotate and move laterally within a bilayer

125
Q

Which hydrophobic lipid can become embedded in the plasma membrane and what does it do?

A

Cholesterol - provide extra stability

126
Q

How does Cholesterol provide extra stability?

A

It slightly immobilizes the outer surface of the membrane and makes it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise pass through more easily. Without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too fluid, not firm enough, and too permeable to some molecules

127
Q

How does water transport across the Lipid bi-layer?

A

Osmosis

128
Q

Why is it difficult for polar molecules to cross the bi-layer?

A

Because of the hydrophobic centre

129
Q

Out of the three - water, polar moleules and non polar molecules- which can pass through the membrane the easiest

A

Non-polar small molecules - because of the hydrophobic core

130
Q

What is the function of Protein Transporters in cell membrane?

A

Protein Transporters assist the transport process in cell membranes:
Ion Channels/Transporters – permit entry
Receptors – detect substances and initiate cellular responses
Some allow passive diffusion through Carrier
Some requires energy/stimulation

131
Q

How does the Cellular Transport System facilitate transport?

A

Production of Vesicles from Golgi to transport proteins out (Secretion & Exocytosis)
Substances can enter via Endocytosis (Pinocytosis - nutrients)

132
Q

What does the Bacterial Cell Wall consist of?

A

Lipid, lipoprotein, carbohydrate/sugar species

133
Q

Some bacteria have second “plasma membrane” outside their cell wall, what is the benefit of this?

A

Allows more specificity/selectivity

134
Q

Why are the Cell Wall & Membrane components of bacteria often targeted by antibiotics

A

Associated with immunogenicity and

pathogenicity

135
Q

Some bacteria possess polysaccharide outside cell wall, what is it called?

A

Capsule - protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotics and desiccation

136
Q

Bacterial kingdom divided into 2 Groups based on what?

A

Cell Wall Structure

How they stain under biochemical assays (Gram stain)

137
Q

List three differences between a gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A 
Gram negative :
- Outer membrane with lipids/lipoprotein & transport proteins
- Thin cell wall of peptidoglycan
(stain negative)
- Contains periplasmic space
Gram positive :
- No outer membrane
- Major Peptidoglycan (carbohydrate
polymer) cell wall (Stain positive – retain counterstain)
- Smaller periplasmic space
138
Q

Plants cells have a thick cell wall, what is it made of and what is its function?

A

Cellulose cell wall (carbohydrate polymer)
Confers stability & protection
Survives high osmotic pressure

139
Q

Plants have a three layer structure, what is it made up of?

A
  • Plasma membrane (inside)
  • 3 layers of cellulose “primary wall”
  • Outer “middle lamella”, forms the
    division/border with neighbouring cell
140
Q

What is the function of mitochondria and how does it do this?

A

Allows cellular respiration,
Breakdown of Glucose (cytoplasm) &
other intermediates (matrix) to generate
energy via oxidative phosphorylation

141
Q

What is the function of the christae?

A

Contain proteins and molecules that participate in cellular respiration.

142
Q

Where is the mitochondria’s DNA (Plasmid-like) & Ribosome found?

A

in the “Mitochondrial matrix’’

143
Q

What does the mitochondrion consist of structurally?

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Gel-like material called the matrix

144
Q

How many membranes are present in the mitochondria?

A

Two - Double membrane system (sim to prokaryotic system)

145
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

All free-living eukaryotes

146
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Plant & Algae only

147
Q

How many membranes are present in chloroplasts?

A

Two - Double membrane system

148
Q

Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?

A

Chemical found in internal membrane network “Thylakoids”

149
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

150
Q

Where are the chloroplasts own DNA (Plasmid-like) & Ribosomes found?

A

In the “Stroma”, colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast

151
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Allows Photosynthesis, Captures light energy, fuel enzymatic formation of Glucose (req CO2/H20)

152
Q

What is the mitochondrial eve and why is it possible?

A

The Mitochondrial Eve is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all currently living humans. Fertilized Egg - Cytoplasm & its contents solely from Mother
All Mitochondria travel through maternal line

153
Q

What two factors lead to different types of cell division arising in living things?

A
  • Different Cells have different structures

- DNA is organized very differently in different cells

154
Q

What are the three types of cell division?

A

Binary Fission
Budding
Mitosis

155
Q

In what living things does Binary Fission occur?

A

Bacteria

156
Q

What are the key factors of living things who divide by binary fission?

A
  • No nucleus
  • 1 “bacterial chromosome”
  • Duplicates by replication
157
Q

In what organisms does budding occur?

A

Diatoms and some yeasts

158
Q

What are Diatoms?

A

Diatoms are a major group of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.

159
Q

What are the key features of organisms which divide by budding?

A
  • Have nuclei & chromosome (s)
  • Cell Walls
  • Nuclear envelope remains intact
  • Chromosomes duplicates & separate
160
Q

What are the key features of organisms which divide by mitosis?

A
  • Have nuclei & multiple chromosomes
  • No Cell Wall
  • Nuclear envelope dissolves
  • Chromosomes duplicates & separate
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
161
Q

In what organisms does mitosis occur?

A

Most eukaryotes

162
Q

In what type of cells does mitosis only occur?

A

Somatic cells

163
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

Duplication & separation of the chromosome(s)

164
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasmic events required to separate chromosomes & divide the cytoplasm

165
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell.

166
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

Because prokaryotic cells do not have nuclei, DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.

167
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A
  • 1 cell gives rise to 2 daughter cells with identical genetic complement
168
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells

169
Q

What is mitosis refered to in the cell cycle?

A

M-phase

170
Q

What is the Non Mitotic phase of cell?

A

Interphase

171
Q

What is Interphase broken up into?

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
172
Q

In which part of interphase does DNA replication occur?

A

S

173
Q

What is the mitotic phase broken up into?

A

Cytokinesis

Mitosis

174
Q

What are the different phases in mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Pro-Metaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
175
Q

What is interphase and what occurs in interphase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A 
Preparatory events for mitosis
NUCLEUS:
- DNA Replication
CYTOPLASM:
- Centrosome duplication
176
Q

What occurs in G1 of interphase?

A

The cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins (increases the amount of cytosol in the cell)

177
Q

What is the importance of interphase?

A

Without the time to grow and carry out DNA replication during interphase, eukaryotic cells would be unable to successfully carry out cell division

178
Q

What is the cell cycle composed of?

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and M phase

179
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A

Cell cycle is regulated at three checkpoints to ensure that the cells are ready to proceed through the process of division
At each of these checkpoints, the cell waits to receive signals on whether or not it has carried out the functions that should have been completed.If the cell receives the correct signals, it will allow itself to continue through the cell cycle, if not it either waits for the necessary tasks to be carried out or stops the cell cycle completely

180
Q

What are the three key checkpoints of the cell cycle?

A

(G1) , (G2), (M)

181
Q

When does the G1 Phase occur?

A

Right after cells have divided

182
Q

What occurs in G2 Phase?

A

G2 phase is when the organelles of the cell need to duplicate.

183
Q

What is the order of the phases?

A

G1, S, G2, M

184
Q

What occurs in Prophase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A

NUCLEUS:
- Sister Chromatids appear
CYTOPLASM:
- Early Spindle formation

185
Q

What occurs in Pro-meta-phase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A 
NUCLEUS:
- Membrane dissolves
(Fragments remain)
CYTOPLASM:
- Microtubules extend
- Attachment to Kinetochore
186
Q

What occurs in Metaphase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A

“NUCLEUS”:
- Attached chromosomes align on “Metaphase Plate”
CYTOPLASM:
- Extension of Spindle forms symmetry & plate formation

187
Q

What occurs in Anaphase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A 
“NUCLEUS”:
Separation of sister
chromatids
CYTOPLASM:
De-polymerization of
Microtubules & Migration of
Chromatids
188
Q

What occurs in Telophase in

a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm

A 
“NUCLEUS”:
Reformation of nuclear
membrane (from remnants
of old envelope)
CYTOPLASM:
Cytokinesis & Cleavage
Dissolution of Spindle
189
Q

After mitosis, what does each daughter cell have?

A

Each daughter cell:

  • Correct chromosome number
  • 1 centrosome
190
Q

What does too much Profileration cause?

A

can form cancer (unregulated growth of cells)

191
Q

What is it known as when a cell must die

A

APOPTOSIS, “Programmed Cell Death” - cells that are no longer needed or are a threat

192
Q

What is the failure of the first two checkpoints (G1, G2/M) caused by?

A

Mostly occurs upon DNA damage

193
Q

When does G1 checkpoint occur?

A

Before DNA Replication

194
Q

What occurs if there is no progression signal in G1 checkpoint?

A

Cell Cyle Arrest -> G0 phase

195
Q

Which checkpoint is the most important and why?

A

The G1 checkpoint is the most important because it is there where the cell “decides” whether or not to divide

196
Q

What happens if a cell fails a checkpoint?

A

If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA

197
Q 
Which of the following is the simplest collection of matter that can live?
tissue
cell
organ
molecules
A

cell

198
Q

A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should she choose and why is it the best choice?

  • light microscope, because of its high resolving power
  • scanning electron microscope, because of its ability to visualize the surface of subcellular objects
  • light microscope, because the specimen is alive
  • transmission electron microscope, because of its high magnifying power
  • transmission electron microscope, because of its high resolving power
A

light microscope, because the specimen is alive

Although the resolution of the light microscope is far less than that of electron microscopes, light microscopy is the only technique that permits one to observe living cells.

199
Q

Why can’t an electron microscope be used to view living cells?

A

The beam of electrons used to illuminate a specimen also destroys the samples, meaning that electron microscopes can’t be used to image living cells.

200
Q

Consider two cells with the same volume but with very different surface areas due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the larger surface area is likely to __________.

A

be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell’s environment

201
Q

What limits the maximum size of a cell?

A
  • the shape of the cell
  • the cell’s surface-to-volume ratio
  • the time it takes a molecule to diffuse across a cell
202
Q

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but NOT prokaryotic cells?

  • mitochondria
  • plasma membrane
  • ribosomes
  • cytosol
  • DNA
A

Mitochondria, only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria

203
Q

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through what?

A

Plasma membrane. The plasma membrane defines the boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell.

204
Q

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.

205
Q

What features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

Ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm

206
Q

A particular cell has a nucleus and chloroplasts in addition to the fundamental structures required by all cells. Based on this information, this cell could be

  • a cell from a pine tree
  • a photosynthetic protist cell or a plant cell
  • a cell from the intestinal lining of a cow
  • a bacterium
  • a yeast (fungus) cell
A 
-a photosynthetic protist cell or plant cell
Some protists (such as algae) can photosynthesize, and so can plants. As both the protists and plants are eukaryotes, they contain organelles.
207
Q

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

A

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.

208
Q

A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure or structures would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate?

  • the nucleus
  • the Golgi apparatus
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
  • the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus
A
  • nucleus

Large numbers of nucleotides would be used to make new DNA as the cells grew, and the DNA is housed in the nucleus.

209
Q

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vacuole

  • lysosome, vacuole, ribosome
  • ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, vacuole
A

-ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Each of these structures is capable of synthesizing molecules needed by cells (vacuole cant)

210
Q

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  • information storage
  • manufacturing
  • energy processing
  • breakdown of complex foods
  • structural support of cells
A

-manufacturing

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the manufacture of proteins for the endomembrane system.

211
Q

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.

move rapidly
store large quantities of ions
secrete large amounts of protein
make large amounts of ATP
absorb nutrients in the GI tract
A

The Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts the lipids and proteins produced in the ER. Cells that secrete large amounts of material require an extensive Golgi apparatus.

212
Q

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually found in a cell’s plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. Where was the protein probably altered?

A

Golgi Appartatus

Vesicles carrying proteins from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus, where the proteins may be altered.

213
Q

What is the flow of materials through the endomembrane system?

A

Rough ER +Smooth ER
The Golgi Apparatus (Cis then Trans)
Lysosome
Plasma Membrane

214
Q

Which of the following sequences represents the order in which a protein made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum might move through the endomembrane system?

plasma membrane → nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus → mitochondria
nuclear envelope → lysosome
Golgi apparatus → lysosome
lysosome → plasma membrane
A

Golgi apparatus → lysosome

Proteins of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the rough ER, modified and sorted in the Golgi, and then transported to other organelles of the endomembrane system such as vacuoles.

215
Q

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized where?

A

All of the membrane proteins of the endomembrane systems are made in the rough ER.

216
Q

Which of the following five membranes is most likely to have a lipid composition that is distinct from those of the other four?

endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
plasma membrane
mitochondrial outer membrane
lysosome membrane
A

mitochondrial outer membrane

The mitochondria are not part of the endomembrane system and must synthesize their own lipids.

217
Q

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

Mitochondria, but not chloroplasts, contain a small amount of DNA.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have three sets of membranes.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are components of the endomembrane system.
Chloroplasts, but not mitochondria, are completely independent of the cell of which they are a part.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins.

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins - because they contain DNA and ribosomes

218
Q

Which type of cell is most likely to have the largest number of mitochondria?

  • bacterial cells that are growing on sugars
  • photosynthetic cells in the leaves of a tree
  • muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner
  • inactive yeast cells that are stored for future use
  • nondividing cells in the skin on your finger
A

Cellular respiration releases energy that cells need in order to carry out their functions. Active muscle cells need large amounts of energy.

219
Q

Where are the ribosomes of mitochondria found?

A

The ribosomes in the mitochondria are found in the matrix of the mitochondria, not in the intermembrane space

220
Q

Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles?

mitochondria
transport vesicles
the nucleolus
ribosomes
No organelles are found inside of other organelles.
A

ribosomes

Ribosomes are nonmembranous organelles that are found in the cytoplasm but also in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

221
Q

Microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with what to perform many of their functions?

A

Golgi Apparatus

222
Q

Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but NOT in plant cells?

mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
centrioles
A

-centrioles

Although plant cells have a microtubule organizing center, they lack a pair of centrioles.

223
Q

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with what?

A

Motor proteins, such as dynein, use energy to move parts of the cytoskeleton.

224
Q

What is a a common characteristic of a plant cell wall and an animal cell extracellular matrix?

A

Both plant cell walls and the ECM of animal cells allow movement of water and small solutes.

225
Q

The plasma membrane is referred to as a “fluid mosaic” structure. Why?

A

The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.

226
Q

Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?

in the interior of the membrane
in the interior and on the inside surface, but not on the outside surface
on the outside (external) surface of the membrane
on the inside (cytoplasmic) surface
on either surface of the membrane, but not in the interior of the membrane

A

interior of the membrane

The steroid cholesterol, wedged between phospholipid molecules in the plasma membranes of animals, helps stabilize the membrane.

227
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

228
Q

Meiosis I

A

PMAT I: The first cell division of meiosis when the homologous pairs are split up into two separate cells.

229
Q

Meiosis II

A

PMAT II: The second cell division of meiosis. This is when the sister chromatids are split up into two separate cells.

230
Q

Does DNA replication occur in meiosis 1 or 2?

A

Meiosis II :No DNA replication during this division

Meiosis I :There IS DNA replication during this division

231
Q

What is The Mitotic Spindle?

A

A structure composed of microtubules which segregates chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis.

232
Q

What is the centosome?

A

They are made from two centrioles. the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized (MTOC – Micro-Tubule Organizing Center)

233
Q

What are the functions of the centrosome?

A

The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division.

234
Q

What is a centriole?

A

a centriole is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin

235
Q

What are the functions of centrioles?

A

The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis)

236
Q

Describe the centrosome cycle

A
  • 2 subunits of 1 centriole exist “perpendicular” – held by linkages
  • They Move apart & new centriole microtubules begin to get laid down perpendicularly
  • Old linkages break -> 2 centrioles (with 2 subunits @ 90*)
  • Oppose each other & migration to opposite poles begins….
237
Q

Describe the Spindle Formation

A
  • Microtubule proteins form from the CENTROSOME & extend into cytoplasm
  • More “tubulin” subunits added on -> Expansion of the Microtubules
  • Short Microtubules – “Aster”
  • Longer Microtubules – “Spindle Microtubules”
238
Q

What are the short spindle fibres (microtubules) known as?

A

Short Microtubules – “Aster”

239
Q

What are the long spindle fibres (microtubules) known as?

A

Longer Microtubules – “Spindle Microtubules”

240
Q

Why is the spindle fiber necessary?

A

The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells

241
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

The kinetochore forms in eukaryotes, assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis

242
Q

Seperation in mitosis is assisted by what enzyme?

A

Enzyme assisted “Separase” – breaks down connections btw sister chromatids

243
Q

Describe the seperation during mitosis

A
  • Sister Chromatids migrate away
  • Moving along kinetochore microtubules – toward centriole,
  • Move along the network
  • Kinetochores shorten – depolymerization, Chromatids move on as they do
244
Q

Describe the division of the cytoplasm in cytokinesis

A

Opposing Centrosomes give “Polarity”

  • Short “Aster” microtubules give push in opposite direction – away from centre
  • Before separation, “Non-kinetochore microtubules” play important role;
  • > Elongating the cytoplasm by extending in opposing directions
245
Q

What is the cleavage furrow?

A

the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division. In a typical animal mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms at the equatorial cortex after anaphase. This furrow then advances inwards to separate the two daughter cells.

246
Q

What does each chromosome contain?

A

Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins.

247
Q

How can a protein outside the cell cause events to happen inside the cell?

A

A protein outside the cell can bind to a receptor protein on the cell surface, causing it to change shape and sending a signal inside the cell

248
Q

What effect does phosphorylating a protein have on that protein?

A

Protein phosphorylation causes a shape change in the phosphorylated protein. The shape change results from the interaction of the newly added phosphate groups with charged or polar amino acids on the protein being phosphorylated. The shape change alters the function of the protein, most often activating it, but in some cases phosphorylation instead decreases the activity of the protein.

249
Q

What is the function of the mitotic cell cycle?

A

To produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)

250
Q

When are sister chromatids created?

A

When DNA is replicated, during S-phase.

251
Q

When are sister chromatids seperated?

A

Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis prior to cytokinesis.

252
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding sister chromatids?

a) Sister chromatids are created when DNA is replicated.
b) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred.
c) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis.
d) Sister chromatids form in the S-phase stage of the cell cycle.
e) Sister chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere.

A

b) Both of the sister chromatids end up in the same daughter cell after cytokinesis has occurred.
This statement is false. Each of the sisters ends up in a different cell after cell division.

From Molecules to Cells (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions