Cellular Injury and Adaptation

Question 1

What is the most common cause of cellular injury?

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

Answer 2

ischemia which is characterized by loss of blood supply

Question 3

What can vitamin A deficiency lead to?

Answer 3

night blindness, squamous metaplasia, immune deficiency

Question 4

What can vit. C deficiency lead to?

Answer 4

scurvy

Question 5

What can vit. D deficiency lead to?

Answer 5

rickets and osteomalacia

Question 6

What can vit. B12 defiency lead to?

Answer 6

megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy and spinal cord degeneration

Question 7

What can folate deficency lead to?

Answer 7

megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects

Question 8

Niacin (vit B3) defiency can lead to what?

Answer 8

pellagra(diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

Question 9

What is pyknosis?

Answer 9

the shrinkage or condensation of a cell with increased nuclear compactness or density

Question 10

What is karyorrhexis?

Answer 10

Degeneration of the cell nucleus marked by contraction of the chromatin into small pieces and loss of the nuclear boundary

Question 11

What is karyolysis? Also, what phase of the cell cycle is this most commonly evidenced?

Answer 11

dissolution of a cell nucleus, especially during mitosis

Question 12

Describe what coagulative necrosis is caused by.

Answer 12

the most common form of necrosis most often due to ischemic injury.

caused by denaturing of proteins within cytoplasm

Question 13

What is the microscopic appearance of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 13

loss of nucleus but preservation of cellular shape

Question 14

What organ is coagulative necrosis commonly found in?

Answer 14

heart, liver, kidney

Question 15

What is liquefactive necrosis caused by?

Answer 15

cellular destruction by hydrolytic enzymes leading to autolysis (release proteolytic enzyme from injured cells) and heterolysis (release of proteolytic enzymes from inflammatory cells)

Question 16

What organs can liquefactive necrosis take place in?

Answer 16

abscesses, brain infarcts, and pancreatic necrosis

Question 17

What is caseous necrosis caused by? (combo of what types of necrosis)

Answer 17

combination of coagulation and liquefaction necrosis

Question 18

Describe the gross appearance of caseous necrotic tissue?

Answer 18

soft, friable, and “cheese-like”

Question 19

Caseous necrosis is characteristic of what condition?

Answer 19

granulomatous disease, including TB

Question 20

What is fat necrosis caused by? What is it characteristic of? (what organ in the body is affected most)

Answer 20

action of lipases on adipocytes and is characteristics of acute pancreatitis

Question 21

What is the gross appearance of fat necrosis?

Answer 21

has a chalky white appearance

Question 22

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 22

form of necrotic connective tissue that histologically resembles fibrin.

often caused by acute immunologic injury (e.g HSR II and III)

Question 23

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 23

gross term to describe dead tissue common on lower limbs, gallbladder, GI, and testes

Question 24

Type of necrosis associated with dry gangrene.

Answer 24

coagulative necrosis

Question 25

Type of necrosis associated with wet gangrene.

Answer 25

liquefactive necrosis

Question 26

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 26

increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components

Question 27

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 27

increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Question 28

What is metaplasia? (Is it reversible or irreversible?)

Answer 28

reversible change of one fully differentiated cell type to another usually as a response to irritation.

Question 29

What is dysplasia? (Compare and contrast metaplasia and dysplasia)

Answer 29

increased amount of immature cell types, often abnormal Metaplasia is brought on by external environmental stressors, whereas dysplasia involves abnormal cell development caused by internal

Question 30

What is lipofuscin?

Answer 30

A wear and tear pigment seen as a perinuclear yellow-brown pigment

Question 31

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 31

golden yellow brown-granular pigment

Question 32

Difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

Answer 32

dystrophic of calcium phosphate on dying or necrotic tissue; whereas metastatic calcification is precipitation of calcium due to hypercalcemia