Cellular immunity screening

Question 1

Which immune cells are found in circulation?

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Which immune cells are found in organs?

Answer 2

mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 3

Why are immune cells found in different locations of the body?

Answer 3

they ensure effective defence against harmful substances that can migrate into the body at any location

Question 4

Where do all blood cells arise from?

Answer 4

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

Question 5

Which progenitors do haematopoietic stem cells form?

Answer 5

common myeloid progenitors, and common lymphoid progenitors

Question 6

What cells do common progenitors give rise to?

Answer 6

polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), and mononuclear agranulocytes (monocytes)

Question 7

What cells do common lymphoid progenitors give rise to?

Answer 7

B-cells, T-cells and NK cells

Question 8

What does the term granulocyte refer to?

Answer 8

presence of granules in the cytoplasm of cells

Question 9

How can different granulocytes be distinguished?

Answer 9

Granules in different cells have different affinity to acid. Neutral and basic stains give the cytoplasm different colour. Neutrophil, acidophil (eosinophil) and basophil

Question 10

How are leukocytes divided?

Answer 10

Polymorphonuclear with segmented nucleus, and mononuclear with round or bean-shaped nucleus.

Question 11

Which mononuclear leukocytes have round nucleus?

Answer 11

lymphocytes

Question 12

Which mononuclear leukocytes have bean-shaped nucleus?

Answer 12

monocytes

Question 13

How is blood collected for cellular immunity screening?

Answer 13

using an anticoagulant (EDTA, heparin or citrate)

Question 14

What is tested in cellular immunity screening?

Answer 14

phagocytosis, activity of lymphocytes

Question 15

What is complete blood counting with differentiation used for?

Answer 15

basic laboratory test to provide information about health status of animals

Question 16

What is counting of leukocytes important for?
How are they counted?

Answer 16

Important for evaluation of health status, in vitro immunological assays on study of leukocyte functions.

Counted by microscope and counting chamber, automatic counting machines

Question 17

What diluent is normally used for counting leukocytes?

Answer 17

Turk’s solution

Question 18

What is Turk’s solution made from?

Answer 18

Glacial acetic acid and methyl violet

Question 19

What is the purpose of Turk’s solution?

Answer 19

Destroy erythrocytes and platelets, stains nuclei of leukocytes

Question 20

What is used for the identification and enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulants?

Answer 20

Flow cytometer

Question 21

How is a flow cytometer used for the identification and enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulants?

Answer 21

Fluorochrome-labelled mAb specific to CD antigens, which are only present on B-cells, Th-cells, Tc-cells and NK cells

Question 22

What is the ratio of blood to Turk’s solution?

Answer 22

1:20 (25µl:475µl)

Question 23

How many squares should be counted in a Burker chamber for the number of leukocytes?

Answer 23

50 medium squares

Question 24

How is the number of leukocytes in 1 ml determined?

Answer 24

Number of leukocytes in 50 squares x 10^5

Question 25

How many leukocytes are there in blood normally?

Answer 25

6-11 x 10^6 /ml

Question 26

What is neutropenia?

Answer 26

Neutrophil numbers below 1500/µl

Question 27

What are neutrophil numbers below 500/µl associated with?

Answer 27

High risk of severe bacterial infection

Question 28

When is neutropenia seen?

Answer 28

Primary immunodeficiencies Malignancies Certain infections Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies Consequence of autoimmune or drug-induced destruction

Question 29

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 29

Increase in neutrophils

Question 30

When is neutrophilia seen?

Answer 30

Acute bacterial infections Acute inflammatory conditions Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies Malignancies

Question 31

What is eosinopaenia?

Answer 31

Decrease in eosinophils

Question 32

When is eosinopaenia seen?

Answer 32

Hypercorticoid states Acute infections

Question 33

What is eosinophilia?

Answer 33

Increase in eosinophils

Question 34

When is eosinophilia seen?

Answer 34

Parasitic infections Allergic infections Certain malignancies and myeloproliferative disorders Primary immunodeficiencies Autoimmune disorders

Question 35

What is monocytopaenia?

Answer 35

Decrease in monocytes

Question 36

When is monocytopaenia seen?

Answer 36

Certain leukaemias Aplastic anaemia Combined immunodeficiencies

Question 37

What is monocytosis?

Answer 37

Increase in monocytes

Question 38

When is monocytosis seen?

Answer 38

Viral and bacterial infections Autoimmune disorders Malignancies

Question 39

What is lymphocytosis?

Answer 39

Increase in lymphocytes

Question 40

When is lymphocytosis seen?

Answer 40

Acute viral infection Some protozoal infections Chronic bacterial infections Lymphoproliferative disorders

Question 41

What is lymphocytopaenia?

Answer 41

Decrease in lymphocytes

Question 42

When is lymphocytopaenia seen?

Answer 42

After viral or bacterial infection Corticosteroid use Infection with FIV and other viral, bacterial and fungal agents Malnutrition Severe stress Intensive and prolonged exercise Chemotherapy or radiation Malignancies

Question 43

How are altered (damaged) cells differentiated with from healthy cells

Answer 43

They are permeable to tryphan blue and will stain blue. Healthy cells are impermeable to tryphan blue.

Question 44

What percentage should cell viability be?

Answer 44

Over 95%

Question 45

How are the results of cell viability interpreted?

Answer 45

Count 100 and calculate number of altered cells x 100 = %

Question 46

What is the most common staining method for blood smears to differentiate between leukocyte subpopulations?

Answer 46

Pappenheim staining

Question 47

What stain solutions are used for Pappenheim staining?

Answer 47

May-Grunwald, Giemsa

Question 48

What is the ratio of dilution of Giemsa stain solution to Pappenheim?

Answer 48

1:10

Question 49

What is the ratio of dilution of May-Grunwald stain solution to Pappenheim staining?

Answer 49

1:1

Question 50

How are the results of Pappenheim staining interpreted?

Answer 50

Count 100 and calculate % of different leukocyte subpopulations