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Immunology credit test 2 > Cellular immunity screening > Flashcards

Cellular immunity screening Flashcards

1
Q

Which immune cells are found in circulation?

A

Leukocytes

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2
Q

Which immune cells are found in organs?

A

mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

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3
Q

Why are immune cells found in different locations of the body?

A

they ensure effective defence against harmful substances that can migrate into the body at any location

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4
Q

Where do all blood cells arise from?

A

pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

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5
Q

Which progenitors do haematopoietic stem cells form?

A

common myeloid progenitors, and common lymphoid progenitors

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6
Q

What cells do common progenitors give rise to?

A

polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), and mononuclear agranulocytes (monocytes)

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7
Q

What cells do common lymphoid progenitors give rise to?

A

B-cells, T-cells and NK cells

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8
Q

What does the term granulocyte refer to?

A

presence of granules in the cytoplasm of cells

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9
Q

How can different granulocytes be distinguished?

A

Granules in different cells have different affinity to acid. Neutral and basic stains give the cytoplasm different colour. Neutrophil, acidophil (eosinophil) and basophil

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10
Q

How are leukocytes divided?

A

Polymorphonuclear with segmented nucleus, and mononuclear with round or bean-shaped nucleus.

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11
Q

Which mononuclear leukocytes have round nucleus?

A

lymphocytes

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12
Q

Which mononuclear leukocytes have bean-shaped nucleus?

A

monocytes

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13
Q

How is blood collected for cellular immunity screening?

A

using an anticoagulant (EDTA, heparin or citrate)

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14
Q

What is tested in cellular immunity screening?

A

phagocytosis, activity of lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is complete blood counting with differentiation used for?

A

basic laboratory test to provide information about health status of animals

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16
Q

What is counting of leukocytes important for?
How are they counted?

A

Important for evaluation of health status, in vitro immunological assays on study of leukocyte functions.

Counted by microscope and counting chamber, automatic counting machines

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17
Q

What diluent is normally used for counting leukocytes?

A

Turk’s solution

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18
Q

What is Turk’s solution made from?

A

Glacial acetic acid and methyl violet

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19
Q

What is the purpose of Turk’s solution?

A

Destroy erythrocytes and platelets, stains nuclei of leukocytes

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20
Q

What is used for the identification and enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulants?

A

Flow cytometer

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21
Q

How is a flow cytometer used for the identification and enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulants?

A

Fluorochrome-labelled mAb specific to CD antigens, which are only present on B-cells, Th-cells, Tc-cells and NK cells

22
Q

What is the ratio of blood to Turk’s solution?

A

1:20 (25µl:475µl)

23
Q

How many squares should be counted in a Burker chamber for the number of leukocytes?

A

50 medium squares

24
Q

How is the number of leukocytes in 1 ml determined?

A

Number of leukocytes in 50 squares x 10^5

25
Q

How many leukocytes are there in blood normally?

A

6-11 x 10^6 /ml

26
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Neutrophil numbers below 1500/µl

27
Q

What are neutrophil numbers below 500/µl associated with?

A

High risk of severe bacterial infection

28
Q

When is neutropenia seen?

A

Primary immunodeficiencies
Malignancies
Certain infections
Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies
Consequence of autoimmune or drug-induced destruction

29
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Increase in neutrophils

30
Q

When is neutrophilia seen?

A

Acute bacterial infections
Acute inflammatory conditions
Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies
Malignancies

31
Q

What is eosinopaenia?

A

Decrease in eosinophils

32
Q

When is eosinopaenia seen?

A

Hypercorticoid states
Acute infections

33
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Increase in eosinophils

34
Q

When is eosinophilia seen?

A

Parasitic infections
Allergic infections
Certain malignancies and myeloproliferative disorders
Primary immunodeficiencies
Autoimmune disorders

35
Q

What is monocytopaenia?

A

Decrease in monocytes

36
Q

When is monocytopaenia seen?

A

Certain leukaemias
Aplastic anaemia
Combined immunodeficiencies

37
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

Increase in monocytes

38
Q

When is monocytosis seen?

A

Viral and bacterial infections
Autoimmune disorders
Malignancies

39
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increase in lymphocytes

40
Q

When is lymphocytosis seen?

A

Acute viral infection
Some protozoal infections
Chronic bacterial infections
Lymphoproliferative disorders

41
Q

What is lymphocytopaenia?

A

Decrease in lymphocytes

42
Q

When is lymphocytopaenia seen?

A

After viral or bacterial infection
Corticosteroid use
Infection with FIV and other viral, bacterial and fungal agents
Malnutrition
Severe stress
Intensive and prolonged exercise
Chemotherapy or radiation
Malignancies

43
Q

How are altered (damaged) cells differentiated with from healthy cells

A

They are permeable to tryphan blue and will stain blue. Healthy cells are impermeable to tryphan blue.

44
Q

What percentage should cell viability be?

A

Over 95%

45
Q

How are the results of cell viability interpreted?

A

Count 100 and calculate number of altered cells x 100 = %

46
Q

What is the most common staining method for blood smears to differentiate between leukocyte subpopulations?

A

Pappenheim staining

47
Q

What stain solutions are used for Pappenheim staining?

A

May-Grunwald, Giemsa

48
Q

What is the ratio of dilution of Giemsa stain solution to Pappenheim?

A

1:10

49
Q

What is the ratio of dilution of May-Grunwald stain solution to Pappenheim staining?

A

1:1

50
Q

How are the results of Pappenheim staining interpreted?

A

Count 100 and calculate % of different leukocyte subpopulations

Immunology credit test 2 (5 decks)

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