Cellular functions

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

Is where many of the biochemical processes take place

Question 2

Organelles

Answer 2

Are compartments bound by semi-permeable membranes

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Control center of the cell. Contains chromosomes made up of DNA and associated proteins.

Question 4

Chromatin

Answer 4

Is the DNA and proteins of chromosomes together

Question 5

Chromosomes

Answer 5

Chromatin condenses to form

Discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

Question 6

Nucleolus

Answer 6

Is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 7

Endomembrane system components

Answer 7

Nuclear envelope 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes 
Vacuoles 
Plasma membrane 
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by VESICLES

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Build proteins That are building blocks for life

• are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein.
• they carry out protein synthesis in two locations
  1) Cytosol(free ribosomes)
  2) outside the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope. (Bound ribosomes)

Question 9

Nuclear envelope

Answer 9

Surrounds the nucleus

Question 10

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium storage,and breaking down toxins

Question 11

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Contains ribosomes which synthesize membrane-embedded and secretory proteins

Question 12

Vesicle

Answer 12

Transports synthesized proteins

Question 13

Golgi apparatus

Answer 13

Modifies membrane-embedded and secretory proteins

Question 14

Functions of smooth ER

Answer 14

Synthesized lipids
Metabolizescarbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

Question 15

Functions Rough ER

Answer 15

Has bound ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins ( proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)

• distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
• is a membrane factory for the cell

Question 16

Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

Consist of flattened membranous sacs called CISTERNAE

Question 17

Functions of Golgi apparatus

Answer 17

• modifies products of the ER
• manufactures certain macromolecules
• sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.

Question 18

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 18

Eukaryotic organelles ( mitochondria, chloroplast) arose from symbiosis with prokaryotes.

Question 19

Evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 19

Mitochondria and chloroplast divide independently from nucleus

• contain DNA that differs from nuclear DNA but similar to bacterial DNA
• contain ribosomes smaller and more similar to bacterial ribosomes

Question 20

Lysosomes

Answer 20

Is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Question 21

Lysosomal enzymes hydrolize:

Answer 21

Proteins 
Fats
Polysaccharides 
Nuclei can acid 
Lysosomal enzymes work best in acidit environment inside the lysosome

Question 22

Vacuoles

Answer 22

Vesicles used for storage 
Transportation and specialized functions.
-food vacuoles
-contractile vacuoles
-central vacuoles

Question 23

Food vacuoles:

Answer 23

formed by phagocytosis

Question 24

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 24

Found in many freshwater protist, pump excess water out of cells

Question 25

Central vacuoles

Answer 25

Found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

Are the sites of cellular respiration a metabolic process That uses oxygen to generate ATP (Power house of the cell) Transform chemical energy via cellular respiration by using energy derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids to make ATP -possess their own genome (mtDNA)

Question 27

Chloroplast

Answer 27

Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis.

Question 28

Chloroplast

Answer 28

The process by which light energy is used to make organic molecules from CO2