Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio - Cellular Energy > Cellular Energy > Flashcards

Cellular Energy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self Food
Organisms that provide their food source themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Other Food
Organisms that consume other forms of energy for food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two laws of Thermodynamics?

A

a) 1st Law
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but converted.
b) 2nd Law
Energy cannot be converted with out the loss of useable energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

ALL chemical reactions in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Light energy from the sun is used into chemical reactions for use by the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is photosynthetic a reaction of?

A

Anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cellular respiration a reaction of?

A

Catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Organic molecules broken down to release energy for use by the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the flashlight analogy.

A

Chemical Energy > Electrical Energy > Light Energy
The chemical energy of the batteries is stored in bonds that hold together molecules of chemical substances inside the dry cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is a chemical bond which releases energy when broken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is ATP’s full name?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do ATPs become ADP?

A

Bond between second and third phosphates group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does all life require?

A

Energy & Energy Conversions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cellular energy stored as?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ATP/ADP is thought of as a…?

A

Rechargeable Battery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ATP is X, while ADP is Y

A

X - Charged
Y - Discharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many phases are in photosynthesis?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the phases called in photosynthesis?

A

Light - Dependent Reactions
Light - Independent Reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does light dependent reaction do?

A
  • Occurs in the thylakoids membrane
  • Converts light energy to chemical energy, NADPH and ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does light IN-dependent reaction do?

A
  • Occurs in the storm
  • Uses products of light-dependent reactions (ATP & NADPH) to CO2 and Sugar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What part of the cell captures light energy?

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe what happens in electron transport.

A

Light energy excites electrons in Photosystem-2, causing water molecules to spill ; releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The excited electrons move where?

A

Thylakoid Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The electron-accepter molecules do what?

A

Transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to Photosystem-1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What protein does Photosystem-1 transfer electrons too?

A

Ferrodoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ferrodoxin transfer the electrons to the electron carrier NADP forming the energy ____.

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle called?

A

Light independent reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many molecules of CO2 does the Calvin Cycle need?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the 6 Carbon Dioxide Molecules combine with and to create what?

A

6 5-Carbon Compounds
Forming 12 3-Carbon (3-PGA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is transferred as energy to the 3-PGA and creating what?

A

ATP and NADPH creates G3P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Two GP3 leave the cycle for what?

A

Production of Glucose & Other Compounds

34
Q

What emzyne converts the 10 G3P molecules?

A

Rubisco

35
Q

What does rubisco turn the G3P into?

A

5-Carbon (RuBP)

36
Q

What happens with the RuBP?

A

Used to contuine the Calvin Cycle.

37
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

38
Q

What is Carbon FIxiation?

A

CO2 enters from the atmosphere and is incorporated into molecules found in chloroplasts - carbon disocide acceptor (forms fixed carbon).

39
Q

What is Reduction?

A

ATP & NADPH get added into the cycle. Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH reduce fixed carbon to carbohydrate.

40
Q

What is ADP, Pi, and NADP+ turned to?

A

Light reactions

41
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Regeneration of CO2 acceptor.

42
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle make?

A

CH20/
Formaldehyde

43
Q

What are the alternative pathways?

A

C4 (corn) & CAM Plants

44
Q

What are characteristics of C4 plants?

A

Fix carbon dixoxide turns into four-carbon compunds instead 3.
Stomata closed

45
Q

What are characteristics of CAM plants?

A

Water concerving plants
Allows CO2 at night.

46
Q

What is the reaction for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon disoxide + water + energy (ATP)

47
Q

What does cellular respiration do?

A

Regeneration of ATP, consuming oxygen and sugars.

48
Q

Cellular respriation a characteristic of?

A

Auto & Hetrotrophs

49
Q

What are the two main parts of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis & Aerobic Respiration

50
Q

How does Glycolsis occur?

A

Presence of oxygen or not.

51
Q

Where does aerobric respiration occur in?

A

Mitacondria

52
Q

Aerobric respiration breaks down what in the precence of oxygen?

A

Pyrovate

53
Q

Aerobric respiration breaks how many pyruvate?

A

2

54
Q

Aerobric respiration occurs in the following stages?

A

Glycolysis
Formation of Acetyl-CoA
The Kerb Cycle
Electron transport chain an oxidative phosphorylation.

55
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Process of glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm.

56
Q

Two molecules of —- & —- is formed for each glucose broken down.

A

ATP & NADH

57
Q

How many ATP is NADH worth?

A

3 ATP

58
Q

Glycolsis has a net of what?

A

2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate

59
Q

What has the most energy?

A

Pyruvate

60
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

The series of reactions which pyruvate is broken down into carbon diaxode is called the Krebs Cycle.

61
Q

The Krebs Cycle has a net yield of what?

A

6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2

62
Q

What is electron transport?

A

Final breakdown of glcose
Point at which ATP is produced
Produces 32-34 ATP

63
Q

What is anerobic resperation?

A

Pathway that follows glycolysis.

64
Q

What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alochol Fermentation

65
Q

What is yeast?

A

Unicellular fungi
Drives energy from sugar

66
Q

What does facultative anaerobe mean?

A

Aerobic Respiration when O2 is present but switches to anaerobic respration if oxygen is absence.

67
Q

Can yeast extract more energy from aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration due to the presence of oxygen.

68
Q

First step of cellular respiration equation?

A

1 Glucose –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH

69
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration?

A

Cells can use the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain to make up to 36 ATP.

70
Q

What is the aerobic equation?

A

2 Pyruvate + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + (up to) 38 ATP

71
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The chemical reactions that release energy from food molecules in the absence of O2.

72
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol.

73
Q

What is the alcochol fermentation equation?

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Ethanol + NAD + CO2

High Energy Molecule

74
Q

How does alocholic fermentation work?

A

It recycles NADH to NAD, providing the NAD needed during glycolysis to make ATP, enabling the yeast to stay alive.

75
Q

What is the economic importance of alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • Bakers & Bread
  • Wine & Beer
  • Ethanol added to gasoline to make gasohol (reduction of pollutants)
76
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate to lactic acid.

77
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation?

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Lactic Acid + NAD

78
Q

How does Lactic Acid Fermentation work?

A

Recycles NADH to NAD, providing NAD needed during glycolysis to make ATP.

79
Q

What is the economic importance of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A
  • Milk gone sour
  • Other Food Products (Dairy, Soy Sauce, Kim Chee)
80
Q

What does strenuous externes have to do with anything?

A

The soreness is due to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. A build-up of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue, which you feel soreness.
- During heavy physical activity, breathing cannot provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration (to make ATP)
- When O2 is low in muscles, cell switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation?

81
Q
A

Bio - Cellular Energy (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions