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Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self Food
Organisms that provide their food source themselves.

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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Other Food
Organisms that consume other forms of energy for food.

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3
Q

What are the two laws of Thermodynamics?

A

a) 1st Law
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but converted.
b) 2nd Law
Energy cannot be converted with out the loss of useable energy.

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4
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

ALL chemical reactions in a cell.

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6
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Light energy from the sun is used into chemical reactions for use by the cell.

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7
Q

What is photosynthetic a reaction of?

A

Anabolic

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8
Q

What is cellular respiration a reaction of?

A

Catabolic

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9
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Organic molecules broken down to release energy for use by the cell.

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10
Q

Describe the flashlight analogy.

A

Chemical Energy > Electrical Energy > Light Energy
The chemical energy of the batteries is stored in bonds that hold together molecules of chemical substances inside the dry cells.

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11
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is a chemical bond which releases energy when broken.

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12
Q

What is ATP’s full name?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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13
Q

How do ATPs become ADP?

A

Bond between second and third phosphates group.

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14
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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15
Q

What does all life require?

A

Energy & Energy Conversions

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16
Q

What is cellular energy stored as?

A

ATP

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17
Q

ATP/ADP is thought of as a…?

A

Rechargeable Battery

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18
Q

ATP is X, while ADP is Y

A

X - Charged
Y - Discharged

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19
Q

How many phases are in photosynthesis?

A

Two

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20
Q

What are the phases called in photosynthesis?

A

Light - Dependent Reactions
Light - Independent Reactions

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21
Q

What does light dependent reaction do?

A
  • Occurs in the thylakoids membrane
  • Converts light energy to chemical energy, NADPH and ATP
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22
Q

What does light IN-dependent reaction do?

A
  • Occurs in the storm
  • Uses products of light-dependent reactions (ATP & NADPH) to CO2 and Sugar
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23
Q

What part of the cell captures light energy?

A

Chloroplast

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24
Q

Describe what happens in electron transport.

A

Light energy excites electrons in Photosystem-2, causing water molecules to spill ; releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product.

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25
The excited electrons move where?
Thylakoid Membrane
26
The electron-accepter molecules do what?
Transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to Photosystem-1.
27
What protein does Photosystem-1 transfer electrons too?
Ferrodoxin
28
Ferrodoxin transfer the electrons to the electron carrier NADP forming the energy ____.
NADPH
29
What is the Calvin Cycle called?
Light independent reactions
30
How many molecules of CO2 does the Calvin Cycle need?
6
31
What does the 6 Carbon Dioxide Molecules combine with and to create what?
6 5-Carbon Compounds Forming 12 3-Carbon (3-PGA)
32
What is transferred as energy to the 3-PGA and creating what?
ATP and NADPH creates G3P
33
Two GP3 leave the cycle for what?
Production of Glucose & Other Compounds
34
What emzyne converts the 10 G3P molecules?
Rubisco
35
What does rubisco turn the G3P into?
5-Carbon (RuBP)
36
What happens with the RuBP?
Used to contuine the Calvin Cycle.
37
What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon Fixation Reduction Regeneration
38
What is Carbon FIxiation?
CO2 enters from the atmosphere and is incorporated into molecules found in chloroplasts - carbon disocide acceptor (forms fixed carbon).
39
What is Reduction?
ATP & NADPH get added into the cycle. Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH reduce fixed carbon to carbohydrate.
40
What is ADP, Pi, and NADP+ turned to?
Light reactions
41
What is regeneration?
Regeneration of CO2 acceptor.
42
What does the Calvin Cycle make?
CH20/ Formaldehyde
43
What are the alternative pathways?
C4 (corn) & CAM Plants
44
What are characteristics of C4 plants?
Fix carbon dixoxide turns into four-carbon compunds instead 3. Stomata closed
45
What are characteristics of CAM plants?
Water concerving plants Allows CO2 at night.
46
What is the reaction for cellular respiration?
glucose + oxygen --> carbon disoxide + water + energy (ATP)
47
What does cellular respiration do?
Regeneration of ATP, consuming oxygen and sugars.
48
Cellular respriation a characteristic of?
Auto & Hetrotrophs
49
What are the two main parts of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis & Aerobic Respiration
50
How does Glycolsis occur?
Presence of oxygen or not.
51
Where does aerobric respiration occur in?
Mitacondria
52
Aerobric respiration breaks down what in the precence of oxygen?
Pyrovate
53
Aerobric respiration breaks how many pyruvate?
2
54
Aerobric respiration occurs in the following stages?
Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl-CoA The Kerb Cycle Electron transport chain an oxidative phosphorylation.
55
What is Glycolysis?
Process of glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm.
56
Two molecules of ---- & ---- is formed for each glucose broken down.
ATP & NADH
57
How many ATP is NADH worth?
3 ATP
58
Glycolsis has a net of what?
2 ATP & 2 Pyruvate
59
What has the most energy?
Pyruvate
60
What is the Krebs Cycle?
The series of reactions which pyruvate is broken down into carbon diaxode is called the Krebs Cycle.
61
The Krebs Cycle has a net yield of what?
6 CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
62
What is electron transport?
Final breakdown of glcose Point at which ATP is produced Produces 32-34 ATP
63
What is anerobic resperation?
Pathway that follows glycolysis.
64
What are the two main types of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic Acid Fermentation Alochol Fermentation
65
What is yeast?
Unicellular fungi Drives energy from sugar
66
What does facultative anaerobe mean?
Aerobic Respiration when O2 is present but switches to anaerobic respration if oxygen is absence.
67
Can yeast extract more energy from aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration due to the presence of oxygen.
68
First step of cellular respiration equation?
1 Glucose --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH
69
What happens during aerobic respiration?
Cells can use the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain to make up to 36 ATP.
70
What is the aerobic equation?
2 Pyruvate + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + (up to) 38 ATP
71
What is anaerobic respiration?
The chemical reactions that release energy from food molecules in the absence of O2.
72
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol.
73
What is the alcochol fermentation equation?
Pyruvate + NADH --> Ethanol + NAD + CO2 | High Energy Molecule
74
How does alocholic fermentation work?
It recycles NADH to NAD, providing the NAD needed during glycolysis to make ATP, enabling the yeast to stay alive.
75
What is the economic importance of alcoholic fermentation?
- Bakers & Bread - Wine & Beer - Ethanol added to gasoline to make gasohol (reduction of pollutants)
76
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate to lactic acid.
77
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation?
Pyruvate + NADH --> Lactic Acid + NAD
78
How does Lactic Acid Fermentation work?
Recycles NADH to NAD, providing NAD needed during glycolysis to make ATP.
79
What is the economic importance of Lactic Acid Fermentation?
- Milk gone sour - Other Food Products (Dairy, Soy Sauce, Kim Chee)
80
What does strenuous externes have to do with anything?
The soreness is due to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. A build-up of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue, which you feel soreness. - During heavy physical activity, breathing cannot provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration (to make ATP) - When O2 is low in muscles, cell switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation?
81

Bio - Cellular Energy (1 decks)

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