Cellular Energy

Question 1

What are the three laws of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

1.) matter cannot be created or destroyed.

2.) entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing. The combined change in entropy (system and surroundings) must be positive.

3.)t the entropy of a substance at absolute zero is 0.

Question 2

Define metabolism

Answer 2

metabolic pathways ( a series of chemical reactions) that are happening in a given organism.

Question 3

Catabolic-metabolism

Answer 3

metabolic processes (series of chemical reactions) that involve breaking down molecules for energy (less ordered state, increased entropy)

ex: meaning taking a whole pie and cutting it into pieces making it more disordered thus more entropy

Question 4

anabolic-metabolism

Answer 4

metabolic process (series of chemical reactions) that involves the process of unsing energy to build larger macromolecules (more ordered state, decreased entropy)

ex taking the cut up bye and adding more flower and sugar and putting back into the oven to rebake it and make it whole again takes energy and makes it more ordered so it is a decreased entropy

Question 5

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 5

breakdown carbohydrates for energy
consumes oxygen, more energy produces

Question 6

anerobic cellular respiration

Answer 6

breaks down carbohydrates for energy
no oxygen needed, less energy produced

Question 7

what are two ways cells break down carbohydrates for energy?

Answer 7

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Question 8

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 8

adenosine triphosphate

Question 9

What is ATP?

Answer 9

it is an RNA nucleoside triphoshpate

Question 10

What is the structure of ATP

Answer 10

adenine nitrogenous base linked to a bibose sugar(RNA nucleoside part) and the phosphate groups

Question 11

Why is ATP considered cellular energy currency?

Answer 11

this is because of the high energy bonds between the phosphate groups that release energy when hydrolysis breaks the bonds

Question 12

What the result of ATP breaking phosphate bonds via hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 12

the loss of phosphate making it ADP adenosine diphosphate because of the additional negatively changed phosphate group ATP is less stable than ADP

Question 13

reaction coupling

Answer 13

the process of powering and energy-required reaction with an energy-releasing one,

it allows an unfavorable reaction to be pwered by a favorale reaction, making gibbs free energy negative (-deltaG=exergonic=releasing energy+spontageous)

Question 14

mitochandria are

Answer 14

organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration catabolic process

Question 15

what is the anatomy of the mitochondria

Answer 15

outer and inner membrane has many infoldings called cristae.

the intermembrane space is located between the outer and inner membranes while the mitochondria matrix is located inside the inner membrane.

Question 16

Endosybiotic theory

Answer 16

states that eukaryotes developed when aerobic bacteria were internalized as mitochandria while the photosynthetic bacteria because chloroplasts

Question 17

What is evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 17

similarirites between mitochandira and chloroplasts that include:

-similar size
-their own dna
-ribososmes with large and small subunits
-reproduce independently of the host
-contain double membrane

Question 18

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 18

is performed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP by breaking down glucose and moving electrons around (oxidation and reduction reactions)

Question 19

Aerobic cellular respiriation involves 4 catabolic processes what are they?

Answer 19

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation