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A2 Biology > Cellular Control > Flashcards

Cellular Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three types of Gene mutation

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

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2
Q

What is a substitution gene mutation?

A

Where a nucleotide is replaced

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3
Q

What is an Insertion gene mutation?

A

Nucleotide/s inserted into amino acid sequence causing frameshift

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4
Q

What is a Deletion gene mutation?

A

Nucleotide/s deleted from amino acid sequence causing frameshift

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5
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Where only one base is affected

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6
Q

Name the three types of point mutation

A
  1. Silent mutation, no change in amino acid sequence
  2. Missense mutation, one amino acid is changed in sequence
  3. Nonsense mutation, triplet becomes stop codon
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7
Q

What is Gene expression regulation about? Give an example.

A
  • Some genes constantly expressed
  • Others only expressed when needed
    E.g. Lac operon triggered by presence of lactose to synthesise enzymes that break down lactose
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8
Q

What is the Lac operon and what parts do what?

A
  • Section of E.coli DNA
  • structural part codes for the enzyme
  • operon part switched structural genes on/off
  • Promoter region, where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription
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9
Q

Name the three parts of the Lac operon

A

Structural part
Operon part
Promoter region

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10
Q

What happens to the Lac operon in the ABSENCE of lactose?

A
  • Regulator gene expressed
  • Repressor protein is synthesised and binds to operator region
  • RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter region
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11
Q

What happens to the Lac operon in the PRESENCE of lactose?

A
  • Lactose changes the shape of the Repressor protein
  • Repressor breaks away from operator
  • RNA polymerase can bind to promoter
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12
Q

What are Homeobox genes/what do they do?

A

Genes that regulate body part development

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13
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

A subset of homeobox genes, found only in animals, involved in the formation of anatomical features in correct locations of the body plan

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14
Q

Why/how are homeobox genes so highly conserved?

A
  • Highly important

- If absent, organism would die/natural selection

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15
Q

In what direction are the homeobox genes expressed?

A

Anterior to Posterior

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16
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms

17
Q

Outline the process of Apoptosis?

A
  1. Enzymes break down cytoskeleton
  2. Cytoplasm now dense with organelles
  3. Blebs form
  4. Chromatin condenses, envelope breaks down, DNA broken into fragments
  5. Cell breaks into vesicles that are phagocytosed so cell debris doesn’t damage other cells
18
Q

What is Apoptosis responsible for during development?

A
  • Separation of digits

- Removes harmful/ineffective T-cells in development of the immune system

19
Q

What are Introns?

A

Non-coding pieces of DNA which are not expressed

20
Q

What are Exons?

A

Coding/expressed regions of DNA, separated by introns

21
Q

When all the DNA of a gene has been transcribed it is called primary RNA, why? What happens to it?

A

Both introns and exons are transcribed, so are in this RNA, and it hasn’t been edited yet.
- The RNA introns (corresponding to the DNA introns) are removed

22
Q

What happens after the RNA introns have been removed from the primary RNA?

A

The remaining RNA exons (corresponding to the lengths of DNA exons are joined together)

23
Q

What enzyme may be involved in the editing/splicing process of primary RNA?

A

Endonuclease enzyme

24
Q

How a length of DNA (with its introns and exons) is spliced can effect what?

A

The particular protein it codes for

25
Q

What is a Transcription factor?

A

A protein or short non-coding RNA that can combine with a specific site on a length of DNA and either inhibit/Activate transcription of the gene

26
Q

Give an example of regulation of gene expression at the transcription level

A

The whole Lac operon thing

27
Q

Post-translational regulation of gene expression involves the activation of what?

A

Proteins

28
Q

How are many enzymes activated in post-translational regulation of gene expression? Give an example.

A

By being Phosphorylated

- The whole formation of cAMP from ATP sequence is catalysed by the enzyme Adenyl Cyclase

A2 Biology (13 decks)

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