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UCF Pathophysiology for Nursing Practice (NUR3125) > Cellular Biology and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Biology and Adaptation Flashcards

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1
Q

8 Specialized Functions of a Cell

A
  • Movement
  • Conductivity
  • Metabolic Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Reproduction
  • Communication

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2
Q

Movement

A
  • Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion
  • Cardiac, muscle, and blood vessel contraction
  • White blood cells (WBC’s) are able to travel to the site of the infection through this function
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3
Q

Conductivity

A
  • The capacity of living cells to transmit a wave of electrical disturbance from one point to another within the body
  • Occurs as a response to a stimulus manifested by waves of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach other parts
  • Occurs due to the presence of ions and mobile polar molecules within the system
  • Chief function of the nerve cells
  • Present in nerve cells and the electrical conduction system of the heart
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4
Q

Metabolic Absorption

A
  • A function of the cell that allows all cells to take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings
  • Occurs in the intestine and renal tubules
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5
Q

Secretion

A
  • A process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion
  • Certain cells can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve as needed elsewhere
  • Ex) Hormone producing cells; Pancreas; Sex Organs; Pituitary Trophiv Hormones
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6
Q

Excretion

A
  • All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients
  • Lysosomes within cells contain enzymes that break down or digest large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell
  • Occurs in the renal tubules
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7
Q

Respiration

A
  • The process by which cells break down glucose to release the energy they contain in order to power other chemical processes
  • Aerobic or Anaerobic
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8
Q

Cellular (Aerobic) Respiration/Oxidation

A
  • The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy
  • Occurs in mitochondria
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9
Q

Fermentation (Anaerobic) Respiration

A
  • The chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down without the presence of oxygen
  • Regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
  • Can lead to the build up of toxins due to lack of O2
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10
Q

Reproduction

A
  • Process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate contents
  • Not all cells are capable of continuous division (Nerve, muscle, and retina cells can not regenerate)
  • Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and divide themselves
  • Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death
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11
Q

Cell Cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M
Can last 12-24 hours

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two daughter cells that each have same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent

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13
Q

Prophase

A

first appearance of chromosomes
* Each chromosome has 2 identical halves called chromatids

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell and chromosomes are arranged in an orderly fashion

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides of the cell

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16
Q

Telophase

A

New nuclear membrane forms around each group of 46 chromosomes, forming 2 identical diploid daughter cells from the original cell

17
Q

Communication

A

*The ability of the cell to receive, process and transmit signals with its environment and with itself
* Vital for cells to survive as a society of cells
* Allows for maintenance of a dynamic steady state —> homeostasis (Feedback loops)

18
Q

Feedback Loope

A

a biological occurrence wherein the output of a system amplifies the system (positive) or inhibits the system (negative)

19
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
  • functions include cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility and the maintenance of the cellular shape
20
Q

Plasma Membrane (Structure Importance)

A
  • Critical to normal function of the cell
  • Important element in the hormone activity
  • important element in pharma logic action
  • Structure allows for selective transport of substances between cell and environment
  • Allows for cell to cell recognition
  • Promotes cell mobility
21
Q

Plasma Membrane Structure

A
  • Determined by the lipid bilayer
22
Q

Plasma Membrane Lipids

A
  • Include phospholipid, glycolipids, and cholesterol
  • Maintain membrane integrity
  • Each lipid molecule is said to be polar or amp hips this, which means that one part is hydrophobic & another part is hydrophilic
23
Q

Plasma Membrane Proteins

A
  • Membrane functions are determined largely by proteins
  • Key components of energy transduction, converting chemical energy into electrical energy, or electrical energy into either mechanical energy or synthesis of ATP
  • May float or become embedded
24
Q

Plasma Membrane Proteins Functions

A
  • Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) or proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments of the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape
25
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

A
  • Proteins found on surface of most cells that aid in binding the cell to the extra cellular matrix or to other cells
  • Allow cells to hook together
26
Q

Integral Membrane Protein

A

A protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of a cell. Typically cell surface receptors, channels, or pumps

27
Q

Peripheral Membrane Protein

A
  • A protein that is associated with the plasma membrane of a cell, but that is not embedded in the lipid bilayer
  • Reside on the surface of the membrance
  • Bound to integral protein
  • Typically associate with embedded proteins through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions
28
Q

Plasma Membrane Fludity

A
  • Affected by cholesterol content
  • At low temperature= Gel like
  • At high temperature = Liquid
29
Q

Cells Link Together by

A
  • Cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane
  • The extra cellular matrix (Hells cells from and mesh)
  • Specialized cell junctions
30
Q

Cell Junctions

A
  • Connections between cells rhat hold the cells together as a unit
  • Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
  • Allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
31
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
  • Hold cells together like a system of braces
32
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
  • Barriers to diffusion (Nephron)
33
Q

GAP junctions

A
  • Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells
  • Allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from inside one cell to another
34
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Responsible for growth and reproduction
  • The largest membrane-bound organelle
  • Center of the cell
35
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • A small dense structure composed largely of RNA
  • Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
  • Cell repository of RNA
  • Most of the processing of RNA occurs here
36
Q

Caveolae

A
  • Cave like indentations in the plasma membrane
  • Repository/storage site for receptors
  • Route of cellular transport
  • Initator of signals
37
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Sac like structures that contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic. form
  • Cellular injury leads to the release of digestive enzymes (hydroplanes that cause cellular self-destruction
  • A new function is signaling hubs of sophisticated network for cellular adaptation
  • Protected from other cellular structures by membranes

UCF Pathophysiology for Nursing Practice (NUR3125) (1 decks)

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