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AC-HPAT Biology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
  • The tough outermost layer of plant, bacterial, fungal, and algal cells
  • Made of cellulose in plant cells, peptidoglycan in bacterial cells, and chitin in fungal cells
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2
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Microscopic channels in the cell wall which allow materials to pass through

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A
  • A thin, flexible membrane surrounding the interior of the cell
  • Made up of a phospholipid bilayer
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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Includes all the cell contents (cytosol and organelles) enclosed within the cell membrane but outside the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • An organelle found in most cells, except bacteria
  • Contains the cell’s genetic material
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6
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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7
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

The complex aqueous solution contained within the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dense structure contained within the nucleus, made up of RNA and proteins

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9
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small protein-making organelles, which can be free or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • A system of canals and tubules made up of membranes
  • Extends from the cell membrane to the nuclear envelope
  • Rough ER has ribosomes attached, smooth ER does not
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11
Q

What is a Golgi body?

A

A membrane-bound stack of disks

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12
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Sac-like organelles containing enzymes which can break down complex molecules into simpler ones

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13
Q

What are mitochondria?

A
  • Round or oval-shaped organelles with a double membrane
  • Outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane forms many folds called cristae
  • Filled with a fluid called the matrix, which contains many proteins
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14
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A
  • Round or oval-shaped organelles with a double membrane
  • Found only in plant and algal cells
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15
Q

What are thylakoids?

A
  • Stacks of membrane-bound disks inside a chloroplast, immersed in a protein-rich fluid called stroma
  • Contain a green pigment called chlorophyll
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16
Q

What are vacuoles?

A
  • Membrane-bound organelles that are very large in plant cells, but much smaller in animal cells
  • In plant cells, they act like water balloons and push the cell membrane against the cell wall to keep plants firm and erect
  • In animal cells, they hold food molecules or waste material about to be discarded
17
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Barrel-shaped organelles found in pairs in animal cells, but not found in plant cells

18
Q

What is the cytoskeleton comprised of?

A

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

AC-HPAT Biology (5 decks)

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