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cellular biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the 10 different organelles in an animal cell

A

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apperatus, rough ER, smooth ER, lysosomes, ribosomes, plasma membrane, centrioles, cytosol

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2
Q

name the 12 different organelles in plant cells

A

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apperatus, smooth ER, rough ER, centrioles, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, vacuole, cytosol,

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3
Q

what is the function of plasma membrane

A

it controls what goes in and out of the cell (diffusion, osmosis), it is selectively permeable, plays a key role in cellular homeostasis, holds the cell together, allows the cell to communicate with other cells

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

controls what happens inside the cell, it holds genetic information, site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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5
Q

what cells do not have a nucleus

A

red blood cells and phloem sieve tubes

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6
Q

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

to transport and collect proteins and other substances

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7
Q

what is the function of the RER

A

production and packaging of proteins

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8
Q

what is the unction of the SER

A

site of lipid and steroid synthesis

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9
Q

what is the nucleus

A

it is the largest organelle in the cell (10um diameter), it is connected to the ER, it is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that has pores allowing materials to pass through

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10
Q

what is the ER

A

a complex system of double membranes, fluid-filled spaces between the membranes is called cisternae

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11
Q

what is the golgi apperatus

A

it sends substances out of the cell, it directs proteins made in the ER to the correct cellular compartment or to the plasma membrane

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12
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apperatus

A
  • assembling glycoproteins
  • production of digestive enzymes
  • formation of lysosomes
  • transporting and storing lipids
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13
Q

what are lysosomes

A

small vacuoles formed in the golgi that contain enzymes that digest materials

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14
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

release enzymes that destroy worn-out organelles; phagocytosis, they can also cause the cell to self distruct

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15
Q

what is a mitochondrion

A

it has two membranes, it has its own DNA

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16
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

it is the site of ATP synthesis (adenosine triphosphate)

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17
Q

what are ribosomes

A

are manufactured in the nucleus, they are small and dense, they may be attached to the RER

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18
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

they are responsible for protein synthesis

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19
Q

what is a polysome

A

lots of ribosomes attached to on mRNA strand

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20
Q

what are centrioles

A

two short bundles of microtubules

21
Q

what is the function of centrioles

A

they assist with the movement of chromosomes in cellular division

22
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

they are only found in plant cells, they contain stacks of thylakoids, they have a large surface area

23
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

24
Q

who discovered cells

A

robert hooke

25
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus (nucleoid)
  • first organisms to evolve on earth
  • found everywhere
  • no internal compartmentalization
  • no organelles (except 70s ribosomes)
26
Q

name the 8 parts of a prokaryotic cell

A

nucleoid, 70s ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, capsule, flagellum, pili

27
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

28
Q

name different types of stem cells

A
  • totipotent, can differentiate into any type of cell
  • pluripotent, can differentiate into any type of body cell
  • multipotent, can differentiate into a few related types of body cells
  • unipotent, can only differentiate into their associated cell type
29
Q

define endocytosis

A

the process of materials entering the cell

30
Q

define exocytosis

A

the process of materials exiting the cell, ejection of waste products

31
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

is something that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

32
Q

name the different parts of a phospholipid bilayer

A

phospholipids, intergal proteins (carrier proteins, channel proteins), peripheral proteins, cholesterol, glycoprotein,

33
Q

what is the function of integral proteins

A

they are permanently embedded in the membrane, they help transport molecules, site for chemical reactions, pumps for active transport

34
Q

what is the function of glycoproteins

A

improtant for cell to cell recognition and adhesion, act as receptors for other molecules, combine with cholesterol to make chemical receptors

35
Q

what is the function of peripheral proteins

A

are not permanently embedded in the membrane, act as receptors and recognise other cells

36
Q

what is the function of cholesterol

A

it effects membrane fluidity

37
Q

what is the function of glycolipid

A

it is a phospholipid and carbohydrate attached together

38
Q

importance of channel proteins

A

they carry molecules and other substances through the plasma membrane using passive transport

39
Q

what is diffusion

A

passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

40
Q

what are some factors that can affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • net movement

- concentration gradient

41
Q

what is osmosis

A

is the passive movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

42
Q

what does hypertonic mean

A

is when there is a higher solute concentration

43
Q

what does hypotonic mean

A

is when there is a lower solute concentration

44
Q

what does isotonic mean

A

when the concentration of solutes is equal

45
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

only requires a concentration gradient, occurs in gas and liquid

46
Q

what is facillitated diffusion

A

it requires channel or carrier proteins, the size and shape of proteins determines what can pass through

47
Q

what does the cell theory state

A
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
48
Q

what are the four stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
49
Q

what are the three stages of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

Biology (4 decks)

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