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Biochemistry > Cellular Biochemistry > Flashcards

Cellular Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Function of RT-PCR

A

Detects and Quantifies mRNA

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2
Q

Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Cell membrane Protein Synthesis

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3
Q

Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid Synthesis

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4
Q

Function of Fibronectin

A

Binds to integrins, serving as mediator of cell adhesion and migration

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5
Q

RAS Gene Inactive in

A

Inactive in GDP bound state

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6
Q

RAS Gene Active in

A

GTP bound state

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7
Q

Function of Ubiquitin

A

Labelling proteins for degradation by Proteasomes

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8
Q

Fasting State Hormones

A

Glucagon and Epinephrine

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9
Q

Prolonged Fasting State Hormones

A

Cortisol

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10
Q

Amino Acids Needed for Purine Synthesis

A

Glycine, Aspartate and Glutamate

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11
Q

Action of 5 Flurouracil

A

Inhibition of Methylation of Uracil to Thymine

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12
Q

Nucleosome

A

Negatively charged DNA loops twice around positively charged histone octamer

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13
Q

Which phase does DNA and histone synthesis occur

A

S phase

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14
Q

HISTONE METHYLATION

A

Histone Methylation Mostly Makes DNA Mute.

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15
Q

HISTONE ACETYLATION

A

Histone Acetylation makes DNA Active.

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16
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Most common non-nuclear DNA found in eukaryotic cells
Small circular chromosomes.

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17
Q

Mitochondrial DNA mutation

A

Diseases arising from mutations in mtDNA are transmitted from the mother to all of her offspring.

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18
Q

What are the amino acids needed for pyrimidine synthesis

A

Aspartate and Glutamine

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19
Q

What are the amino acids needed for Purine synthesis

A

Glycine
Aspartate
Glutamine

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20
Q

Precursor for all pyrimidines

A

Orotic acid

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21
Q

What are Telomeres

A

Long stretches of repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes.

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22
Q

Importance of telomeres

A

When the length of telomeres is exhausted, the cells often become quiescent or undergo apoptosis

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23
Q

Exons

A

Contain the actual genetic information coding for
protein.

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24
Q

Introns

A

Intervening non coding segments of DNA.

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25
Q

Function of NADPH

A
  1. Cholesterol and Fatty acid synthesis
  2. Antioxidant mechanism for RBC
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26
Q

Function of Telomerase

A

Adds TTAGGG to 3’ end of chromosome

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27
Q

Topoisomerase function

A

Prevents supercoiling and strand breakage

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28
Q

Nucleotide Excision Repair

A

Remove large distortion

(Answer if UV Light Damage in question)

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29
Q

Base Excision Repair

A

Removal of Single base

(Answer if question mention glycosylases)

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30
Q

Recombinational dsDNA repair

A

Defect repaired using complimentary strands from homologous dsDNA

(Answer if question mentions BRACA or Fanconi Anemia)

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31
Q

Splice Site mutation

A

Intron retained in mRNA

(Answer if question with mutation of intron sequence)

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32
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Synthesises steroids and lipids

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33
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Protein synthesis for use outside cell

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34
Q

Free Ribosome function

A

Produce proteins which are used intracellularly

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35
Q

Golgi body function

A

Process and package proteins

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36
Q

Location of enzyme defect in I cell disease

A

Golgi body

37
Q

Enzyme inhibited by Arsenic

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

38
Q

Enzyme affected in Mushroom Poisoning (Amanita phalloides)

A

RNA Polymerase 2

39
Q

Wnt Pathway

A

Controls migration of cells essential for embryogenesis

40
Q

NF-k beta pathway

A

Leads to activation of immune cells

41
Q

Action of Insulin

A

Increase Lipogenesis
Increase glycolysis
Increase glycogenesis

Decrease Gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Lab values in Vitamin D deficiency

A

Decreased calcium
Decreased Phosphate
Decreased Calcitriol

Increased PTH

43
Q

Which DNA repair mechanism can repair neurons

A

Non Homologous End Joining

44
Q

What is the result of methylation of CpG islands within the promoter region?

A

Repression of gene transcription (CpG methylation makes DNA mute)

45
Q

What process changes the expression of a DNA segment without changing the sequence

A

DNA methylation

46
Q

Which enzyme is affected in orotic aciduria?

A

UMP synthase

47
Q

What enzyme do mycophenolate and ribavirin inhibit?

A

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase

48
Q

What drug inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

A

Leflunomide

49
Q

Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) by which enzyme

A

Dihydrofolate reductase

50
Q

Name 2 drugs that decrease deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)

A

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Methotrexate (MTX)

51
Q

(dUMP) is converted to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) by which enzyme?

A

Thymidylate synthase

52
Q

mechanism of action of drug 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine

A

blocking conversion of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) to inosine monophosphate

53
Q

Name the key intermediate that is common to the de novo synthesis pathway of both purines and pyrimidines.

A

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP)

54
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

self-mutilation behaviors, intellectual disability, gout and lactic acidosis

55
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome finding on blood smear is

A

Hyper segmented neutrophils

56
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is due to

A

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase

57
Q

SCID clinical features

A

Absence of a thymus
Failure to thrive
Recurrent infections
A low WBC count

58
Q

Mechanism of rasburicase

A

Converting uric acid to soluble allantoin

59
Q

7-year-old complaining of frequent, severe, debilitating episodes of pain in her arms and legs that resolve after a few days. The patient appears fatigued and has pale conjunctivas. Her abdomen is soft with palpable splenomegaly.

A

Sickle cell anemia (Missense mutation)

60
Q

What 2 processes occur during the M phase

A

Mitosis (splitting of the nucleus) and cytokinesis (splitting of the cytoplasm)

61
Q

Site of synthesis of Insulin

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

62
Q

Ataxia, scaly skin, long-standing night blindness, and shortened 4th toes

A

Refsum disease

63
Q

Zellweger syndrome - clinical manifestations

A

Hepatomegaly, hypotonia, and seizures

64
Q

Which enzyme regenerates UDP-glucose from UDP-galactose

A

4-epimerase

65
Q

Why might high succinyl-CoA levels still be noted after treatment of anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

decreased vitamin B6 (which is required for the conversion of succinyl-CoA to heme)

66
Q

Which cofactor is used in the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine

A

Vitamin C

67
Q

How does the presence of excess ammonia result in inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

A

Hyperammonemia depletes α-ketoglutarate stores, a key TCA intermediate

68
Q

What are the 3 direct electron transport inhibitors of complex IV?

A

Cyanide, carbon monoxide, and azide (the -ides);

69
Q

What compound directly inhibits complex I

A

Rotenone (inhibits complex one)

70
Q

How does oligomycin affect ATP production in the electron transport chain

A

Inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthase

71
Q

What compound directly inhibits complex III

A

Antimycin A

72
Q

Enzymes inhibited in Lead Poisoning

A

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase

73
Q

Thyroid hormone is made from which Amino Acid

A

Tyrosine, and the amino acid phenylalanine is a precursor to tyrosine.

74
Q

What is the main component of pulmonary surfactant

A

Phosphatidylcholine

75
Q

milky-white plasma on Blood draw

A

Type 1 familial dyslipidemia

76
Q

skin blistering on sun-exposed areas of his body
Tea-colored urine
mildly elevated transaminases

A

porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)

77
Q

porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) deficiency of

A

uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

78
Q

Function of Vitamin K

A

Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues

79
Q

Mechanism of Absorption of Vitamin A

A

Micelle-mediated transport

80
Q

Mechanism of Absorption of Iron

A

apoferritin-mediated transport

81
Q

Mechanism of Absorption of Vitamins B7, B5 and C

A

Sodium-dependent cotransport

82
Q

Mechanism of Absorption of Calcium

A

Vitamin D–dependent binding protein–mediated transport

83
Q

Why Niacin is used with caution to control dyslipidemia in Diabetics

A

Excess Niacin can result in Hyperglycemia

84
Q

Findings in Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Increased PT
Increased APTT
Normal BT

85
Q

What is the marker for Nucleus

A

DNA, RNA Polymerase

86
Q

What is the marker for Lysosome

A

Acid Phosphatase

87
Q

What is the marker for Peroxisome

A

Catalase

88
Q

What is the marker for Cytosol

A

LDH

89
Q

What is the marker for Rough ER

A

Glucose 6 Phosphatase

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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