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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Cellular Basis Of Life - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Cellular Basis Of Life - Lecture 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is an Antiport System

A

When two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions

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1
Q

What is a Symport System?

A

When two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction

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2
Q

What is primary active transport

A

*Active - only one that requires energy

Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates that transport protein causing conformational change

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3
Q

What is Secondary Active Transport

A

Rides on what active transport does. Indirectly drives the transport of other solutes

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4
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

“Cellular Barfing”

Moves substance out of the cell

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5
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell. Brings it w/in the cell

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6
Q

What is Trancytosis?

A

Combo of exo and endo. Moving substance in, across, then out of cells

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7
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Moving a substance from one area IN the cell to another.

Doesn’t go in or out. Just moves.

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

“Cellular Eating”

The Endocytosis of large particles. Engulfs solids and brings them into cells

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9
Q

What is Fluid Phase Endocytosis?

A

“Pinocytosis” small stuff.

“Cellular drinking”

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10
Q

What is CAM

A

Cellular Adhesion Molecules. “Cellular Velcro”

Makes things stick but not permanently Assists in movement of cells past one another.
Rally protective white blood cells to injured or infected areas.

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11
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

Material btwn plasma membrane and nucleus. Inside the cell.

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12
Q

What is Cytosol?

A

Largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes.

Fluid but no organelles

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13
Q

What are cytoplasmic organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell

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14
Q

What are inclusions

A

Chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment

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15
Q

Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles?

A

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Non Membranous cytoplasmic organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes

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17
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A
  • makes cells ATP
  • coverts glucose to ATP
  • provide most of the cell’s ATP via Aerobic Cellular Respiration -> how ATP is made
  • contains own DNA/RNA
  • has own set of nucleic acid
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18
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A
  • they make protein
  • granules containing protein and rRNA
  • site of protein synthesis => where it makes proteins
  • not membrane bound but works w/membranes
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19
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
  • continuous with nuclear membrane
  • has rough ER and smooth ER
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20
Q

What is Rough ER?

A
  • makes proteins only
  • external surface studded with ribosomes
  • manufactures all secreted proteins
  • responsible for synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
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21
Q

What is Smooth ER?

A
  • makes everything mon protein
  • tubules arranged in a looping network
  • catalyzes reactions for the following:
    > in liver - lipid and cholesterol metabolism, glycogen breakdown, and detoxification of drugs
    > in testes- synthesis of steroid based hormones
    > in intestinal cell - absorption, synthesis, and transports of fats
  • in skeletal and cardiac muscle - storage and release of calcium
    ** smooth ER IS A WAREHOUSE FOR CALCIUM => important for muscle function. Ie) contractions
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22
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

“Modify, packages, and ships proteins throughout the body”

  • stacked and flattened membranous sacs
  • travels by way of transport vesicles from the ER fuse w/ the CIS face of the Golgi App
      • CIS: receiving side of Golgi
      • Trans Face: shipping side
  • secretory vesicles leave Trans face of Golgi stack and moves to designated parts of cell
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23
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

“Breaks stuff down”

  • always contained. Contains digestive enzymes
  • digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
  • degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
  • breakdown non useful tissue
  • secretory lysosomes found in white blood cells, immune cells, melanocytes
24
Q

What is the Endomembrane System?

A

Compartmentalizations protects cytoplasm to keep from destroying cells.

  • degrade potentially harmful substances
  • produce, store, and export biological molecules
25
Q

What are Peroxisomes?

A

Breaks down nastiness at a cellular level.

  • detoxify harmful or toxic substances.
  • neutralize dangerous free radicals
26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • the skeleton of a cell
  • dynamic, elaborate series of rods running thru the Cytosol
  • breaks down and makes up quickly
  • very dynamic
27
Q

What are micro tubules?

A

“Distribution Highway”

  • *highways on the inside of the cells
  • dynamic hollow tubes made of spherical protein tubulin
  • determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles
28
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A
  • dynamic strands of protein actin
  • attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
  • braces and strengthens cell surface
  • attach CAM’s and function in endo and Exocytosis
29
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments?

A
  • associated with desmosomes => “anchor”
  • tough, insoluble protein fibers with tensile strength
  • resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes
30
Q

What are Motor Molecules?

A

Protein complexes that function in motility

  • vesicles move by ATP thru micro tubules
  • attach to receptors on organelles
31
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • are seen during cell replication
  • located in centrosome near nucleus
  • 3 micro tubules in a row multiplied by 9
  • organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
  • form the bases of cilia and flagella
32
Q

What is Cilia?

A
  • numerous projections on a cell
  • moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces
    • ie Trachia
  • they beat (like a heart)
33
Q

What is Flagella?

A
  • sperm cells

- longer whip like extension used for motility

34
Q

What is a Nucleus?

A
  • gene-containing control center of the cell
  • contains the genetic library for nearly all cellular proteins
  • dictates kinds and amounts of protein to be synthesized
    • blueprint for proteins
  • no nucleus = no repair
35
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A
  • *plasma membrane around the nucleus
  • selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
  • outer membrane is continuous w/RER and studded w/ribosomes
  • inner membrane lined with nuclear lamina –> maintains the shape of the nucleus
  • pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus
36
Q

What is a Nucleoli?

A
  • small nucleus

- site of ribosome production

37
Q

What is a Chromatin?

A
  • *DNA
  • threadlike strands of DNA and histones(wrapping proteins)
  • arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
  • condensed bar-like bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide
  • *DNA is loose when read but condensed when moving
38
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A
  • DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis
  • genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chain –> protein
  • triplets of nucleotides bases form the generic library
  • each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid
39
Q

Give the Flow of Information for Central Processing

A 
DNA
Transcription ->   |
                       mRNA
                            |
                      Ribosome
                            | < - Translation 
                Polypeptide (protein)
40
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

Carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

41
Q

What is the role of Transfer RNAs?

A

Bound to amino acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis.

**transfers amino acid into ribosome

42
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA

A

Structural component of ribosomes

43
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Transfer of info of DNA to mRNA

- mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter

44
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

A Cell

45
Q

What is Active Transport?

A
  • Cell uses ATP to move solute across a cell, usually against its concentration gradient.

“Stockpiling”

46
Q

What does Hypotonic mean?

A
  • lesser solute concentrate than Cytosol
  • solute moves to cell
  • *hydrating
  • blood = .9% w/v
  • fresh water = .1% w/v
47
Q

What does Isotonic mean?

A
  • concentration is equal.
  • no movement
  • solutions with same concentrate as that of Cytosol in our cells

Ie : coconut water is isotonic w/human blood

48
Q

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A

Selectively permeable

  • must exist for diffusion to occur
    ie) plasma membrane
49
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Water moving down its concentrate gradient

  • water moves to wear solutes are high
  • *diffusion of water only
50
Q

What does it mean to be Hypertonic?

A
  • solution has great concentration than that of Cytosol
  • *water moves to salty area
  • *cells shrink
51
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

-transported substances will bind the carrier proteins allowing it to move thru the channels.

52
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A
  • moves from high to low concentration gradient.

- diffuses thru channel proteins

53
Q

What is the Gap Junction?

A

*communication
“Electrical Synapses”

A nexus that allows substances to pass btwn cells directly

Found in embryo and cardiac muscles

54
Q

What is a Desmosome?

A

“Anchoring” junction scattered along sides of cells

  • cytoskeleton of one cell connected to cytoskeleton of another
55
Q

What is the function of Tight Junction?

A

“Waterproofing”

2 cells stack together so water can’t penetrate

Found in stomach and pancreas

56
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane for?

A

Controls what goes in and out

- plays dynamic in cellular activity

57
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A
  • bilayer of lipids w/imbedded, dispersed proteins
58
Q

What is Cell Theory

A

1) cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life
2) organismal activity depends on activity of cells
3) biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcell structure
4) continuity of life has cellular basis

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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