Cellular Basis of Disease

Question 1

what is disease?

Answer 1

variation from normal state, may be caused by developmental disturbances; genetic or metabolic factors; microorganisms; physical, chemical, or radiant energy; or other unknown causes

Question 2

define the term signs

Answer 2

signs of disease are those that we observe when we examine a patient

Question 3

define the term symptoms

Answer 3

symptoms of disease are those things that a patient tells us when we question them about their problem

Question 4

what is the ultimate diagnosis of disease?

Answer 4

ultimately, disease processes are diagnosed by returning to the cells and examining them under a microscope and in a medical laboratory

Question 5

in terms of cellular function, what do we mean by normal?

Answer 5

normal cells have the ability to reproduce correctly, stop reproducing when necessary, remain in a specific location, become specialized for specific functions, and self destruct when necessary

Question 6

what are the three major cellular responses to stress?

Answer 6

adaptation, injury (reversible or irreversible), cell death

Question 7

define the term hypertrophy

Answer 7

increase in size of an organ or tissue do to increase in the size of individual cells

Question 8

define the term hyperplasia

Answer 8

increase in the # of cells that make up a tissue or organ

Question 9

define the term hypoplasia

Answer 9

is defined as the failure of an organ or tissue to develop completely

Question 10

define the term atrophhy

Answer 10

is defined as the decrease in cell size and, therefore, a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ

Question 11

define the term aplasia

Answer 11

is defined as the total failure of a tissue or organ to develop

Question 12

define the term cloudy swelling

Answer 12

a degenerative change in cells, in which the cells swell due to injury to the membranes affecting the ionic transfer, causing the cytoplasm to appear cloudy and water to accumulate b/w cells, with resultant swelling of tissues

Question 13

vacuolar degeneration

Answer 13

formation of nonlipid vacuoles in cytoplasm, most frequently due to accumulation of water by cloudy swelling

Question 14

fatty change

Answer 14

defect in fat metabolism in the cells resulting in an increased amount of fat in the cells

Question 15

fatty change is associated with what organs?

Answer 15

liver, heart, and kidneys

Question 16

what is necrosis?

Answer 16

necrosis involves the physical destruction of cells that are already dead

Question 17

what degenerative processes are associated with necrosis?

Answer 17

there are two chemical processes–autolysis and denaturation of the protein component of the cell

Question 18

how does cell vitality affect necrosis?

Answer 18

the path that this cellular breakdown takes determines the clinical picture that is presented as pathology in a patient

Question 19

define the term liguefactive

Answer 19

liquefactive necrosis results when released enzymes digest necrotic tissues

Question 20

define the term coagulative necrosis

Answer 20

results from lack of oxygen to the cell (hypoxia)

Question 21

what is free radical injury?

Answer 21

free radicals are molecules responsible for aging, tissue damage, and a number of diseases. the molecules are unstable because they are incomplete, lacking an even number of electrons. free radicals seek to bond with other molecules, capturing electrons to become complete of stable. Free radicals inflict damage when they react with cell membranes or cellular DNA

Question 22

what is autophagy?

Answer 22

autophagy is a normal physiological process in the body that deals with destruction of cells in the body. It maintains homeostasis or normal functioning by protein degradation and turnover of the destroyed cell organelles for new cell formation

Question 23

what are the two basic types of pigments?

Answer 23

endogenous and exogenous

Question 24

define the term endogenous

Answer 24

produces within the body

Question 25

define the term exogenous

Answer 25

originate in the environment outside the body

Question 26

do pigments always indicate disease?

Answer 26

no, the accumulation of pigment in the cells can be a normal physiologic process in some cases

Question 27

what are the two types of calcium accumulations?

Answer 27

dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification

Question 28

what is the blood calcium level like in dystrophic calcification?

Answer 28

blood calcium level is completely normal

Question 29

what is the blood calcium level like in metastatic calcification?

Answer 29

the blood calcium levels are not regulated properly by the body and they are much too high

Question 30

give examples of calcium accumulations of dystrophic calcification

Answer 30

tuberculosis

Question 31

give an example of calcium accumulation of metastatic calcification

Answer 31

hyperparathyroidism