Cellular and Tissue-specific Origins nervous system development

Question 1

What is the origin of the entire nervous system?

Answer 1

Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
Neuroectodermal origin

Question 2

What regulates Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)?

Answer 2

Intrinsic genetic and epigenetic programs, and extrinsic stimuli

Question 3

What are the two main processes of Neural Stem Cells?

Answer 3

Proliferation (self-renewal) and differentiation

Question 4

Where are adult Neural Stem Cells primarily located?

Answer 4

Subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles

Question 5

What roles do Neural Stem Cells play in the nervous system?

Answer 5

Plasticity and regeneration

Question 6

What is a characteristic morphological feature of stem cells?

Answer 6

Spherical morphology

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Stem cells maintain a pool of stem cells through _______.

Answer 7

self-renewal

Question 8

What type of cells can totipotent stem cells give rise to?

Answer 8

All cell types in a body plus extraembryonic tissue

Question 9

What are examples of pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 9

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

Question 10

What do multipotent stem cells give rise to?

Answer 10

More than one cell type

Question 11

What are the characteristics of unipotent stem cells?

Answer 11

Can give rise to new cells of a single, specific cell type

Question 12

What type of stem cells are Neural Stem Cells classified as?

Answer 12

Somatic stem cells (adult stem cells)

Question 13

What is the Hayflick limit in relation to stem cells?

Answer 13

Limited proliferation

Question 14

When activated, what do Neural Stem Cells replace?

Answer 14

Dead or damaged cells

Question 15

What is the differentiation pathway during nervous system development?

Answer 15

NSC -> Progenitor cells -> Terminal cells

Question 16

What types of cells do neural origin stem cells give rise to?

Answer 16

Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

Question 17

What do neural crest cells (NCCs) give rise to?

Answer 17

Neurons and glial cells of the PNS, several non-neural cell types

Question 18

What are the major processes during nervous system development?

Answer 18

• Neurulation
• Determination of CNS polarity and patterning
• Neurogenesis
• Gliogenesis
• Cell death
• Formation of synaptic connections
• Myelination

Question 19

What is the neural tube?

Answer 19

The central nervous system (CNS) primordium

Question 20

What are the three primary divisions of the brain during development?

Answer 20

• Prosencephalon (forebrain)
• Mesencephalon (midbrain)
• Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 21

What are the four main heterogeneous populations of Neural Crest Cells contributing to the PNS?

Answer 21

• Cranial
• Vagal
• Trunk
• Sacral

Question 22

What is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in relation to neural crest cells?

Answer 22

Process allowing NCCs to separate from neuroectoderm and migrate

Question 23

What is the role of E-Cadherin in neural crest cell migration?

Answer 23

Keeps cells together on epithelium

Question 24

What triggers cell extrusion in neural crest cells?

Answer 24

Tissue stress

Question 25

Fill in the blank: Placodal contribution to the PNS gives rise to sensory neurons and specializations of _______.

Answer 25

nose, ears, and eye

Question 26

What are neurogenic placodes?

Answer 26

* Olfactory * Trigeminal * Epibranchial * Otic

Question 27

Non-neural origin CNS cell

Answer 27

microglia

Question 28

Neural origin (NSC):

Answer 28

- Neurons - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Ependymal cells

Question 29

Neural crest cells (NCCs) give rise to

Answer 29

neurons and glial cells of the PNS - several non-neural cell types (e.g. chromaffin cells, melanocytes)

Question 30

neural crest cells are

Answer 30

multipotent

Question 31

Entire nervous system derives from

Answer 31

neuroectoderm via induction by morphogen

Question 32

nervous system parts

Answer 32

- Neural tube (CNS) - Neural crest cells (PNS) - Placodes

Question 33

Formation of the Nervous System involves 3 parts

Answer 33

Gastrulation: local invagination of subset of cells -> ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm - Neurulation: formation of the neural tube (+ neural crest cells) - Migration of neural crest cells

Question 34

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Answer 34

telencephalon (cerebrum) diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus)

Question 35

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Answer 35

Metencephalon (pons + cerebellum) Myelencephalon (medulla)

Question 36

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) bottom pic

Answer 36

After induction, the NC is physically separated from the neuroectoderm by delamination Mesenchymal behavior (collective migration)

Question 37

PIEZO1 top pic

Answer 37

Stretch-activated channel Piezo1 stimulates extrusion via activation of actin-myosin contraction Cell extrusion = a cell is forcefully expelled from an epithelium by neighboring cells - structural rearrangement of the cytoskeleton

Question 38

based on gating mechanism, PIEZ01 is

Answer 38

mechanically gated