Cellular and molecular LF130 Flashcards
Why does Glucose form an equilibrium of Alpha and beta glucose in solution
Breaks into a linear form where the OH and H groups on the terminal can freely rotate and then reattach to form a circular structure.
Energy value of Fatty acids compared to glucose
Twice the energy value of glucose
What is the name of the central carbon in an amino acid
‘Alpha carbon’
Which direction are proteins read
N terminus to C terminus.
Structure and bonding in a generic nucleotide
Phosphate group bonded to a sugar via phosphodiester bond, sugar bonded to base via glycosidic bond.
Who drew the kingdom of animals in binomial classification and when
Carolus Linnaeus, 1735
Who proposed the theory that different species come from previously extinct species and when
Charles darwin, 1837
Who said ‘evolution is a change in allele frequency in a gene pool’
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Which three things can be used to examine the lineage of a species
Behavioural and ecological information,
Molecular information
Morphological information
Definition of Homologous traits
A similarity between traits because of shared ancestry. These traits are called derived traits
Definition of apoptosis and an example
Separation to create separate digits e.g. a hand on a human undergoes apoptosis whereas a Fin on a whale does not.
Definition of a synapomorphy
an apomorphy which is shared by more than one taxa.
Definition of a clade in a cladistic tree
A node (ancestor) and all of its derived forms
Definition of an Autapomorphy
A self derived characteristic: a derived trait that is unique to a given taxon
Who deduced that there was a common ancestor, and when? Who revised this idea?
Carl Woese and George Fox in 1977, revision by W Ford Doolittle in 2000.
Definition of microevolution (and the 3 main mechanisms by which it occurs) and macroevolution
Microevolution: Change in allele frequencies in a population of a species
(Natural selection, genetic drift, Gene flow)
Macroevolution: Change at or above the level of the species.
What was Darwin’s hypothesis in ‘the origin of the species’
- For any particulate trait, individuals within a species are variable
- At least some of this variation is heritable
- Reproduction is not random, but is selected by nature: individuals that reproduce are those with the most favourable variations (survival of the fittest)
Describe how genetic drift can be modelled via sampling error
In reality, not every sperm / ova is used in fertilisation. Therefore only a sample of sperm / ova are successful, therefore there is room for sampling error e.g. 50% of a population of sperm have gene A however when sampled, only 20% in the sample have gene A (random chance)
Definition of gene flow
Movement of alleles between previously separate populations of the same species.
Name of an enzyme lacking a cofactor
Apoenzyme
Name of the complex between an apoenzyme and a cofactor
Holoenzyme
What is the symbol for catalytic constant
Kcat
What is the definition of Kcat
The number of molecules of substrate that one enzyme active site can turn into product per second.
E.g. for carbonic anhydrase, Kcat = 1,000,000s^-1
Conditions that alter catalytic consgtants
pH, Temperature.
