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genetic mechanisms > Cellular And Genetic Mechanisms 2 > Flashcards

Cellular And Genetic Mechanisms 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the f2 for incomplete dominance

A

1:2:1

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1
Q

Incomplete dominance what is it

A

When the dominant and recessive breed forming a mixture

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2
Q

Co dominance what is the main example

And what do they do

A

Blood type
A and B are dominant to I
A and B are co dominant
Both expressed fully effects are additive

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3
Q

Dihybrid gene interaction

What is it

A

When 2 gene loci (each with 2 alleles)

Interact to produce a single phenotype

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4
Q

What is epistasis

A

Is the interaction between genes

Takes place when one gene is modified by one or several other genes

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5
Q

recessive epistasis

What is it

A

Phenotypic ratio 9:3:4

Homozygous recessive allele makes the expression of the dominant allele for another gene

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6
Q

Dominant epistasis

What is it

A

Phenotypic ratio 12:3:1

The dominant allele for a gene may mask the effect of another allele for another gene

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7
Q

Duplicate recessive epistasis

What is it

A

9:7

Both dominant alleles from each gene required for pigment

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8
Q

Duplicate genes with cumulative effect

What is it

A

9:6:1
Effect of both dominant alleles additive
Individual dominant alleles have same effect

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9
Q

Duplicate dominant genes

What are they

A

15:1
Both dominant alleles have identical effect
No additive effect

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10
Q

Dominant and recessive interaction

What is it

A

13:3
Dominant from one gene and recessive allele from other gene have the same phenotype
Gene A able to suppress expression at B gene

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11
Q 
Polygenic inheritance (multiple genes)
What is it
A

Many more then 2 genes to control something like height

Additive effect on phenotype

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12
Q

Multiple alleles what are they

A

Single gene with more then 2 alleles
Different mutations cause this
Only 1 allele is expressed at any time

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13
Q

Penetrance

A

Portion of individuals showing expected phenotype

Ie extra finger

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14
Q

Expressivity

3 answers

A

Degree of expression of phenotype in an individual
Temp sensitive
Nutritional

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15
Q

Retinoblastoma

How is it developed

A

Dominant allele, but not all develop Tumour
Incomplete penetrance in the population
When expressed there are different severity
Different expressivity between individuals

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16
Q

Environmental effects

Temp sensitive alleles examples are

A

Himalayan rabbits
Siamese cats
Activating the gene at different temps

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17
Q

Environmental effects via Nutrition

What are the examples

A 
Lactose intolerance (expressivity differs)
PKU (expressivity differs)
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18
Q

Pleiotropy

What causes it and what does the allele do

A

Single allele multiple phenotypes

PKU cause mental retardation, blue eyes, light skin colour

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19
Q

Pleiotropy melanin in cats

What doe it cause

A

Lack of melanocytes (blance in ear) during embryo development
Results in white fur and deafness

20
Q

Environmental determination

Temperature dependent sex determination in crocodiles

A

Temp sensitive aromatase
Converts androgen to
Testosterone or oestrogen

21
Q

Sex determination

Haplo-diploidy

A

Bees

22
Q

Sex chromosome system

A

XX-XO protenor system grasshopper
XX-XY MAMMALS
ZZ-ZW birds

23
Q

What does the SRY gene code for mammals

A

Male sex

24
Q

Drosophila
Humans
Mouse if they were all XO

A

Sterile

Female turners syndrome sterile
Male y promote male development

Functional female

25
Q

Birds sex determination

What are ZZ AND ZW called

A

Homogametic

Heterogametic

26
Q

Sex determination in plants

Plants can be either

A

Monoecious- hermaphrodite

Dioecious- male/ female flower on separate plants

27
Q

Male sex linkage

2 possible genotypes

A

X+ Y
Xm Y
Inherited from mother
Hemizygous

28
Q

Females 3 possible genotypes

A

X+X+
X+Xm
XmXm
Heterozygotes are carriers of recessive traits

29
Q

X linked dominant traits

A

Affected males (XBy) will produces all affected daughters, not affect sons

50% heterozygous affected females will pass in trait to the son not daughter

Homozygous females pass on traits to all offspring

30
Q

Sex limited inheritance

Autos ones not XY

A

Autosomal gene

Allele cannot be expressed and individual is the wrong sex

31
Q

Sex influenced inheritance

A

Sex influences dominance relationship between autosomal alleles
Pattern baldness dom in males reces F

32
Q

Pedigree analysis

3 primary patterns of inheritance

A 
Autosomal recessive 
Autosomal dominant 
Sex linked (X chromosomal)
33
Q

Autosomal recessive pedigree

What does it mean

A

If neither parent has it and child does it’s recessive
Not in the x or y means it’s autosomal
Can skip gens

34
Q

Eg of recessive autosomal

A

Albinism
PKU
Sickle cell anaemia
Tay Sachs disease

35
Q

Dominant autosomal pedigree

What is it

A

Not in x or y

Trait always appears in successive gens

36
Q

Example of autosomal dominant

A

Huntingtons disease

Polydactly

37
Q

Sex linked pedigree and egs

A

Female carrier
Male gets it
Colour blindness
Haemophilia

38
Q

Determined

A

Committed to specialised development

Self perpetuation

39
Q

Differentiated

A

Overt cell specialisation grossly apparent

Usually a cell becomes determined before differentiation

40
Q

Cell replacement: permanent cells

A

Eye lens and auditory hair cells

3H leucine pulse follows the passage of radioactive protein
3-4 new discs of photoreceptive membrane are formed per hour

41
Q

Simple duplication

What does this

A

Endothelial cells

42
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells can do what

A

Divide without limit

Either stem or differentiate

43
Q

Unipotent

A

Olfactory

44
Q

Oligopotent

A

Epithelial cells

45
Q

Pluripotent

A

Blood cells

46
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryo cells

47
Q

Pluripotent differentiation of blood cells what happens

A

2 progenitor steps to form everything apart from platelet and RBC
Which require 3

48
Q

Things that affect pluripotent differentiation

A

Factors - colony stimulating RBC formed by low O2 In blood
Receptor- cytokines
Target cells- with receptors for CSF’s

genetic mechanisms (6 decks)

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