Cellular adaptations Flashcards
What are the microscopic differences in myocardial hypertrophy?
- Enlarged, rectangular (box-shaped) nuclei
- bi-nucleated myocytes
- increased connective tissue
What is a myxotamous mitral valve?
- floppy mitral valve which can cause prolapse and mitral regurgitation
- can be inherited/ related to connective tissue disease
What is congenital bicuspid valve and what does it predispose?
- congenital bicuspid valve predisposes to degenerative calcification of valve
- a cause of aortic stenosis
What is rheumatic valve disease and what is it caused by?
- Fibrosed mitral valve caused by abberant immune response to S. Pyogenes that can affect any of the heart valves
- most common cause of mitral stenosis
What is infective endocarditis and how does it differ from dystrophic calcification?
- Soft thrombus on valve that leaves the rest of the valve normal thickness (unlink in dystrophic calcification)
- thrombus chews away at the valve
What is the difference between Hyperplasia/metaplasia and neoplasia?
Hyperplasia and Metaplasia
‐ Controlled division
‐ Due to a stimulus
‐ Reversible with removal of stimulus
‐ Gene expression is altered, the genome itself is unchanged
‐ Benign, but can confer an increased risk for neoplasia (premalignant) e.g. Barrett’s Oesophagus to Adenocarcinoma
Neoplasia
‐ Dysregulated or unregulated cell division that can now occur in the absence of a stimulus
‐ Due to genetic mutation
‐ Can be benign or malignant
