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Theme 2.1 Anatomical Pathology > Cellular adaptations > Flashcards

Cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cells that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ

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2
Q

What is Physiologic hypertrophy?

A

It is increased functional demand or stimulation by hormones and growth factor

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3
Q

What is Pathologic hypertrophy?

A

increased functional demand or stimulation secondary to pathological process

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus

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5
Q

What is physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Action of hormones or growth factors when there is a need to increase
functional capacity of hormone sensitive organs, or when there is
need for compensatory increase after damage or resection

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6
Q

WHat is pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by excessive or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells

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7
Q

What are some examples of physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia of bone marrow cells
- Red blood cells: growth factor erythropoietin

• Lymphoid hyperplasia
- Inflammation or antigenic stimulation

• Regenerative hyperplasia
- Regeneration of tissues (liver or skin)

• Hyperplasia of breast tissue
- Puberty, pregnancy and lactation: several hormones

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8
Q

What are some examples of pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Thyroid Hyperplasia
- Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone: the anterior pituitary

• Endometrial hyperplasia

  • Occurs in postmenopausal women with increased estrogen
  • Predisposes to malignant tumors of the endometrium

• Prostatic hyperplasia

  • Hyperplasia of the stromal & epithelial components of the prostate.
  • Prostatic glands increase in size & have a nodular surface.
  • Caused by an imbalance between androgens and estrogens
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9
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and
number

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10
Q

What is physiologic atrophy?

A

-Embryonic structures – Notochord, thyro-glossal duct,

• Uterus post-partum

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11
Q

What is pathologic atrophy?

A 
- Disuse atrophy
• Denervation atrophy
• Diminished blood supply
• Inadequate nutrition
• Loss of endocrine stimulation
• Pressure
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12
Q

What are examples of physiologic atrophy?

A

Is common during normal development.
• Embryonic structures: notochord & thyroglossal duct
• Size of the uterus after parturition
• Thymus undergoes physiologic atrophy at puberty
• As one ages the organs & tissues decrease in size: senile atrophy

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13
Q

Why does disuse lead to atrophy?

A

Reduced functional activity

  • Results in diminished demand for nutrition causing cell atrophy.
  • E.g. an immobilized arm post-fracture.
  • Usually reversible when activity is restored
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14
Q

Why does loss of innervation cause atrophy?

A

Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)

  • Destruction to nerves: paralysis and wasting atrophy
  • Poliomyelitis
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15
Q

Why does diminished blood supply cause atrophy?

A

Diminished Blood Supply

  • Reduction of the oxygen and nutrient supply to cells.
  • A fall in cell activity occurs; cell shrinkage.
  • Narrowing of coronary arteries; myocardial atrophy
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16
Q

Why does pressure cause atrophy?

A

Pressure atrophy- Interruption of the blood supply & interference with function
- A neoplasm pressing on surrounding structures

17
Q

Why do infections cause atrophy?

A

Infections;

- Thymus atrophy before puberty due to infections

18
Q

Why Loss of endocrine stimulation cause atrophy?

A
  • Reduced metabolic activity in dependent tissues

- Pituitary deficiency: atrophy of the thyroid and adrenals

19
Q

What happens during Cerebral atrophy?

A

• Gyri are narrowed and the

intervening sulci are widened

20
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type

21
Q

Metaplasia occurs in ?

A

Epithelia

Connective tissue

22
Q

Epithelial metaplasia occurs in which occurs organs?

A

Epithelial

  • Columnar to squamous epithelium – lung
  • Squamous to columnar epithelium – Oesophagus
23
Q

Squamous metaplasia

A
  • Most common type of metaplasia.

* Important sites: bronchus, endocervix, and the urinary bladder

24
Q

Squamous metaplasia bronchus

A

Lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
• Squamous metaplasia occurs when there is chronic irritation by cigarette smoke or chronic inflammation caused by bronchitis.
• There is a loss of the protective mechanism against infection

25
Q

Squamous metaplasia in the endocervix

A

Endocervix
• Squamous metaplasia: transformation zone.
• Commonly caused by infection with Human papilloma virus (HPV)
• Can lead to cervical cancer

26
Q

Squamous metaplasia in the bladder

A

Bladder
• The transitional epithelium of the bladder undergoes squamous metaplasia
• Chronic irritation by schistosomiasis, chronic cystitis and bladder calcul

27
Q

Intestinal metaplasia

A

In the stomach intestinal metaplasia occurs as a result of chronic
gastritis or chronic peptic ulceration

28
Q

Connective tissue metaplasia

A

Is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue (mesenchymal
tissues) in tissues that normally do not contain these elements
• For example, bone formation in muscle; myositis ossificans,
occasionally occurs after intramuscular hemorrhage.
• Less clearly seen as an adaptive response, and may be a result of cell
or tissue injury

29
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disorderly growth pattern

• Covered in neoplasia

30
Q

The following are statements true for hypertrophy:-

A) It is an irreversible increase in the size of cells

B)A hypertrophied organ has an increase in the number and size of cells

C) May co-exist with hyperplasia

D) Is always Physiological

A

A) It is an irreversible increase in the size of cells

31
Q

State if true or false regarding physiological hypertrophy:-

A) Caused by increased functional demand or by stimulation by hormones and growth factors

B) Left atrium hypertrophy in mitral valve stenosis is an example

C) Results from an abnormal adaptive response to increased functional demands

D) Gastric hypertrophy in pyloric stenosis is an example

A

A) TRUE
B) TRUE
C) FALSE
D) FALSE

32
Q

Which of the following statements are true?

A) Hyperplasia is an increase in the size of a cell and in number

B) Hyperplasia is an irreversible increase in the number of cells

C) Hyperplasia is a reversible increase in the number of cells

D) Hyperplasia is a change in one cell type to another

A

A,B,D )FALSE

C) TRUE

33
Q

Which of the following are examples of Physiological hyperplasia?

A) Hyperplasia of bone marrow

B) Lymphoid Hyperplasia
C) Endometrial hyperplasia
D) Hyperplasia of breast tissue in puberty, pregnancy, and lactation

A

A,B,D) TRUE

C) FALSE

34
Q

Atrophy:-

A) Is always pathological
B) Is a decrease in size and number of cells
C) Is an increase in the size of the cell
D) Common during fetal development

A

A.C) FALSE

B.D) TRUE

Theme 2.1 Anatomical Pathology (7 decks)

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