Cellular adaptation, bacteria, hormones(part 2)

Question 1

What does “gram positive” and “gram negative” mean?

Answer 1

Related to staining used when looking at bacteria under microscope. Gram(+) have a THICK wall that soaks up dye. Distinctive purple stain. NO outer lipid membrane EX: cocci, bacilli
Gram(-) have THIN membrane, doesn’t hold dye. Pale pink after staining. YES outer membrane present EX: salmonella, pseudomonis

Question 2

Which is more worrisome, gram + or gram - bactreria?

Answer 2

Gram (-) far more worrisome. Have great ability to cause disease. High resistance to antibiotics. EX: group Enterobacteriaceae, responsible for many UTI, pneumonia, diarrhea, meningitis, sepsis, endotoxic shock

Question 3

What hormones are involved in stress response?

Answer 3

NEURO
1. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ENDOCRINE
1. cortisol
2.catecholamines

Question 4

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Name origin and function

Answer 4

1. secreted from hypothalamus
2. stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH. Is the big activator of HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis)

Question 5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Name origin and function

Answer 5

1. secreted from pituitary
2. stimulates adrenals to release cortisol

Question 6

Cortisol. Name origin and function

Answer 6

1. produced by adrenal glands which sit on top of kidneys
2. Numerous roles in body. Has an effect on almost every organ. Is the major “stess hormone”, regulates stress response, elevates glucose, anti-inflammtory/immunosuppressive agent, helps with metabolism of glucose, protein, fats. In medicine is called hydrocortisone, comes in a cream (ex: eczema treatment), injectable for allergic rxn. Powerful but if used for a long time can have side effects: swelling, irritability, bone loss, bruising, yeast infections

Question 7

catecholamines. Name origin and function

Answer 7

1. produced in mostly in adrenal glands, some from nerve cells
2. Is a group of hormones , neurotransmitters (sends signals to other cells). Include dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Prepare body for physical activity (fight-or-flight ). EX: increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels. Overall, mimics reaction of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 8

Trace HPA axis

Answer 8

Is a chain reaction that eventually releases cortisol

1. Autonomic nervous system senses stress
2. triggers hypothalamus to release CRH
3. CRH triggers anterior pituitary to release ACTH
4. ACTH triggers adrenal glands (adrenal cortex) to release cortisol.

Is a negative feedback loop. Eventually cortisol triggers hypothalamus to stop making CRH, ends stress response
issues can cause dysfunction with your HPA axis.

Question 9

Good aspects of stress?

Answer 9

Acute stress engages in an immediate response, protects vs immediate danger.

Stress is not bad, but being stuck in stress is

Question 10

Bad aspects of stress?

Answer 10

Can worse some conditions/symptomsDIrectly linked to proinflammatory cytokines. Decreases B cell function, T cell effectiveness