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Pathophysiology > Cellular Adaptation > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of cellular adaptation

A 
Thymus decrease 
Atrophy 
Weight lifting 
Hypertrophy 
Inadequate nutrition 
Atrophy
Horizontal stimulation of prostate gland
Hyperplasia
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2
Q

Describe cellular injury

A

A sequence of events which occur when the adaptive ability of a cell is exceeded.

Injury May be reversible up to a certain point

If the stimulus persist, irreversible injury may result

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3
Q

What causes cellular injury

A 
Oxygen deprivation 
Physical agents 
Chemicals/drugs 
Infectious agents
Immunologic reactions 
Genetic derangements 
Nutritional imbalances
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4
Q

Example of dysplasia

A

Cervical dysplasia

Changes in epithelial cells of cervix (hpv)

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5
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Smoker -Pseudostratified tissue Replaced with one mature tissue type stratified squamous

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one mature type for another sometimes less differentiated cell type

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7
Q

What are abnormal stimulus hypertrophy and Hyperplasia ?

A

Increased functional demand (myocardium)
increased work demand (muscles)
metabolic demand
excess endocrine stimulation

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8
Q

Examples of Hypertrophy

A

Hypertrophy increase in size of cells and consequently the organ.
Weight lifting
Uterus with pregnancy
Heart muscle (abnormal) - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease or shrinkage in cell size, resulting

in a reduced tissue mass

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10
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen in tissue

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11
Q

Ischemia

A

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ due to circulatory
obstruction

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12
Q

Examples of Hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia increases number of cells resulting from increased rate of cellular division. Enlarged tissue mass.

Enlarged prostate
endometrial hyperplasia

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13
Q

Necrosis

A

Premature death of cells and living tissue

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14
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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15
Q

ATP Depletion

A

a major component of the injury is the alternation of membrane permeability cause by decreased activity of ATP
- dependent iconic pumps

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16
Q

Main cellular mechanism of cell Injury

A

ATP Depletion
Loss of Calcium homeostasis
oxidative stress
damage to mitochondria increased permeability of membranes

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17
Q

Principles regarding cellular response to injury and consequences

A

response depends on nature of injury, duration & severity
consequences of injury depend on cell type
although different agents may have different initial cellular targets. The final pathways are often similar

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18
Q

Why does oxygen deprivation occur?

A

impaired energy production
intercellular accumulation of water and electrolytes
changes in structure & size of organelles
cells switch from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

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19
Q

Hypoxic conditions

A

trauma, stroke, respiratory diseases, unstable angina, organ failure, cancer, hemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure & heart attack

20
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

sustains life and allows cells to grow develop, repair damage and respond to
environmental changes

21
Q

Describe the concepts of cellular adaptation

A

changes in conditions or stressors
cell usus reserves to continue functioning
cell produces adaptive changes to continue functioning
If reserves insufficient cell injury or death occurs

Dham- Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia and metaplasia

22
Q

Dysplasia

A

a pre-neoplastic condition resulting in a alteration on in size, shape & organization of
cellular components of tissue.

23
Q

What are 5 causes of Atrophy?

A 
Reduced use of the tissue
Inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine /hormonal stimulation
loss of nerve supply
aging
24
Q

Describe the etiology (cause of disease) and pathogenesis (development of disease) process involving alteration in cellular function and growth

A

Disease may develop when cells and structure, function change, homeostasis cannot be maintained as a result.
Change in cell DNA
Cell damage or destroyed by changes in metabolic processes, reduced ATP, Altered PH of cells
Damage to cell membrane and receptors

25
Q

Describe Pathologic Atrophy

A

Response to abnormal changes

26
Q

Physiologic Atrophy

A

response to normal changes

27
Q

What is oxygen deprivation?

A

Hypoxia - deficiency of oxygen
Ischemia - insufficient and blood flow, loss of blood supply.
(Arterial flow or reduced venous drainage)

28
Q

How does hypoxia affect cell functioning?

A

Lack of oxygen in blood can cause the body not to function

Blood carries oxygen to the cells throughout your body to keep healthy and functioning.

29
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

Energy metabolism known as cellular respiration

requires oxygen

30
Q

Anaerobic

A

cellular process in which glucose is metabolized WITHOUT oxygen.

31
Q

Passive membrane transport

A

No cellular energy (atp) required

substance moves down concentration gradient

32
Q

Active membrane Transport

A

Energy (ATP) required

occurs only in living cell membrane

33
Q

What are four types of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue
connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous tissue

34
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Comprised of sheets of cells found covering body surface, lining body cavities forming glands of the human body. Outer most or inner most tissue in an organ.

35
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds things together, protection, support, fills space and repair

36
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

A well vascularized and innervated tissue in which cells can physically shorten

37
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue which makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

38
Q

Cell differentiation

A

the process in which a stem cell alters from one type to differentiated one usually, the cell changes to more specialized type.

39
Q

Genetics

A

Genetics is the study of heredity of traits of an organism and their variations within a population
Introduced by Mendel (1865)
Focus on behavior of genes

40
Q

Genomics

A

is the study of genomes or the complete set of genetic material of an organism
Roderick in 1986
Focus on the entire genome of an organism

41
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of cells and consequently the organ.

42
Q

Example of Atrophy

A

Atrophy of the brain (Alzheimer)
Disuse Atrophy (inactive organ) arm in cast (shrinkage)
Endocrine atrophy - Lack of hormonal stimulation (menopause)
Aging and reduced Blood supply

43
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells resulting from increased rate of cellular division

44
Q

Cell function

A 
Movement 
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption 
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction 
Communication
45
Q

Cell communication

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Direct contact

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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