Cellular Aberrations Flashcards
Leading causes of death in the world
Cancer
Enumerate the 3 schema of cancer development
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
schema of cancer development: Initiation
carcinogens bind and cause mutation to target cell resulting to the dysfunction in differentiation and proliferation
schema of cancer development: Promotion
initiated cells are stimulated by promoters which results in these cells on becoming cancerous
schema of cancer development: Progression
stimulates angiogenesis which makes this cancer cell to infect adjacent tissue and travel to other areas, or metastasis
Primary detection and prevention (4)
- health promotion
- immunization
- HPV vaccine
- risk reduction strategies
Secondary detection and prevention
- screening and early detection for precancerous and asymptomatic px
Tertiary detection and prevention (2)
- monitoring and preventing recurrence of primary cancer
- screening for the development of second malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma)
Family history assessment (3)
- both maternal and paternal sides
- cancer history of at least three generations
- look for clustering of cancers
signs and symptoms of cancer (9)
CAUTION US C - change in bowel or bladder habits A - a sore that does not heal U - unusual bleeding or discharge T - thickening or lump in the breast I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing O - obvious change in wart or mole N - nagging cough or hoarseness
U - unexplained anemia
S - sudden weight loss (5kg or more)
S&S Bladder , Kidney
Blood in urine; pain and burning with urination; increased frequency or urination
S&S Breast
Lump (s), thickening, physical changes in the breast; itching, redness, nipple
soreness not associated with breast-feeding or menstruation
S&S Cervical and
Uterine
Bleeding between menstrual periods; unusual discharge; painful menstrual
periods; heavy periods
S&S Colon
Rectal bleeding; bloody stool; changes in bowel habits constipation
S&S Endometrial
Same signs as for cervical and uterine cancers above
S&S Laryngeal
Persistent cough; hoarse throat
S&S Leukemia
Paleness; fatigue; weight loss; repeated infections; easy bruising; bone and joint pain; nosebleeds
S&S Lung
A persistent cough, sputum with blood; heavy chest and or chest pain
S&S Lymphoma
Enlarged, rubbery lymph nodes; itchy; night sweats; unexplained fever, weight loss
S&S Mouth and
Throat
A chronic ulcer of the mouth, tongue, or throat that does not heal
S&S Ovarian
Often no obvious symptoms until it is in later stages of development
S&S Prostate
Weak ,interrupted urine flow; continuous pain in lower back, pelvis, upper thighs
S&S Skin
Tumor or lump under the skin, resembling a wart of an ulceration that never heals; moles that change color or size, flat sores; lesions that look like moles
S&S Stomach
Indigestion and pain after eating; weight loss; blood in vomit
the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women
Lung cancer
the overwhelming risk factor for developing lung cancer
Cigarette smoking
Clinical manifestations of lung cancer (7)
chronic cough, pleuritic chest pain, hoarseness, weight and/or appetite loss, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and recurring pulmonary infections
Diagnostic tests for lung cancer (3)
chest x-ray, sputum test, biopsy
confirmatory test for cancer
tissue biopsy
Lung cancer intervention: lifestyle modification (4)
healthy diet, smoking cessation, decreased alcohol consumption, and exercise
Lung cancer: food intake (2)
- Increasing calories to 2500 daily
- five or six small meals a day more easily tolerated, and it may minimize the nausea effects of chemotherapy
Lung cancer: fluid intake
- monitor for fluid overload and especially for pleural effusions
thoracotomy nursing post-care
- practice arm exercises to ensure continued mobility and promotion of lung expansion.
these interventions will assist in the removal of
organisms in the lungs.
Cough and deep breathing exercises every one to two hours while awake
these interventions use gravity to clear secretions,
while percussion uses vibrations to loosen secretions. (2)
Chest physiotherapy and postural drainage
this intervention will not only promote mobility but also increase patient outcomes from chest
physiotherapy and cough and deep breathing exercises
Effective pain control