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step 1 - biochem > cellular + a sprinkle of lab techniques > Flashcards

cellular + a sprinkle of lab techniques Flashcards

1
Q

CDKs?

A

cell cycle regulators

constitutive and inactive

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2
Q

cyclins?

A

cell cycle regulators

phase specific, activate CDKs - form complexes

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3
Q

cyclin-CDK complexes?

A

phosphorylate proteins –> cell cycle progression/coordination

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4
Q

tumor suppressor function?

A

p53, Rb - prevent progression from G1 to S

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5
Q

which cells are “permanent” (remain in G0)?

A

neurons, mm, RBCs - regenerate from stem cells

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6
Q

which cells are “stable/quiescent” (enter G1 when stimulated)?

A

hepatocytes

lymphocytes

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7
Q

which cells are “labile” (no G0, divide rapidly)?

A

bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, germ cells

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8
Q

what happens in the RER?

A

synthesis of proteins and post-translational modification

free ribosomes –> cystosolic and organellar proteins

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9
Q

what’s a Nissl body?

A

RER of neurons - makes peptide neurotransmitters

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10
Q

which types of cells have a sh*t-ton of RER?

A

mucus-secreting goblet cells in SI

Ab-secreting plasma cells

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11
Q

what happens in the SER?

A

steroid synthesis
detox (CYP450)

No surface ribosomes

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12
Q

which types of cells have a sh*t-ton of SER?

A

liver hepatocytes

steroid-hormone producing cells (adrenal cortex and gonads)

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13
Q

what happens in the nucleolus?

A

rRNA transcription

processing of ribosome assembly

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14
Q

what happens in the Golgi?

A

protein/lipid distribution
asparagine N-oligosaccharide modification
ser/thr O-oligosaccharide addition
mannose-6-P added to proteins –> lysosome trafficking

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15
Q

what’s an endosome?

A

sorts material from outside cell or from Golgi

sends to lysosomes, membrane, or Golgi

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16
Q

coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes?

A

inclusion cell disease
defect in N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase
Golgi can’t add mannose6P to protein –> extracellular instead of lysosomal secretion

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17
Q

what is a signal recognition particle?

A

cytosolic ribonucleoprotein
traffics proteins from ribosome to RER

** if absent: accumulation of proteins in cytosol

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18
Q

what does COPI do?

A

mediates retrograde trafficking in Golgi and from cis-Golgi to ER

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19
Q

what does COPII do?

A

mediates anterograde trafficking from ER to cis-Golgi

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20
Q

what does clathrin do?

A

mediates:
trans-Golgi –> lysosomes
plasma membrane –> endosomes

21
Q

what happens in the peroxisome?

A

catabolism of VLCFAs, branched chain FAs, AAs

22
Q

what happens in the proteasome?

A

degradation of damaged or ubiquitinated proteins

** defects implicated in Parkinson’s

23
Q

what do microfilaments do?

A

muscle contraction

cytokinesis

24
Q

what do intermediate filaments do?

A

maintain cell structure

25
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

movement

cell division

26
Q

what does vimentin stain for?

A

connective tissue?

27
Q

what does desmin stain for?

A

muscle (desMin)

28
Q

what does cytokeratin stain for?

A

epithelial cells

29
Q

what does GFAP stain for?

A

neuroglia

30
Q

what is the structure of a microtubule?

A

alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers with 2 GTP bound

dynein: retrograde transport
kinesin: anterograde transport

31
Q

which drugs act on microtubules?

A 
Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly:
mebendazole
griseofulvin
colchicine
vincristine/vinblastine
paclitaxel
32
Q

what is the structure of cilia?

A

9+2 microtubulae doublet arrangement

axonemal dynein

33
Q

what does ouabain do?

A

binds K+ site on Na-K ATPase

34
Q

how does dig work?

A

direct inhib of Na-K ATPase –> indirect inhib of Na/Ca exchange –> increased Ca –> increased cardiac contractility

35
Q

where are the types of collagen found?

A 
Be (So Totally) Cool, Read (Better) Books!
type I: bone, skin, tendon
type II: cartilage
type III: reticulin, blood vessels
typve IV: basement membrane, lens
36
Q

which dz involves type I collagen?

A

OI

37
Q

which dz involves type III collagen?

A

vascular type Ehlers Danlos

38
Q

which dz involves type IV collagen?

A

Alport

Goodpasture

39
Q

what are the steps of collagen synthesis?

A

1) synthesis in the RER: translation of preprocollagen (gly-pro-lys)
2) hydroxylation in RER: pro and lys, needs vit C
3) glycosylation in RER: hydroxylysine glycos, hydrogen and disulfide bond formation –> procollagen
4) exocytosis
5) proteolytic processing: cleavage of disulfide terminals –> tropocollagen
6) crosslinking: lys-hydroxylys (lysyl oxidase needs Cu) –> fibrils

40
Q

multiple fractures with minimal trauma, blue sclerae, hearing loss, dental imperfections?

A

OI - AD

decreased prod of otherwise normal type I collagen (problems forming procollagen)

41
Q

hyperextensible skin, easy bleeding, hypermobile joints, berry aneurysms, aortic aneurysms?

A

Ehlers Danlos - many inheritance types
type V: classic, jt and skin
type III: vascular and organ rupture

42
Q

brittle kinky hair, growth retardation, hypotonia?

A

Menkes - XLR
defect in ATP7A –> defective Cu transport/absorption
decreased activity of lysyl oxidase –> decreased collagen synthesis

43
Q

what is the structure of elastin?

A

nonhydroxylated proline, glycine, lysine
tropoelastin + fibrillin scaffolding
broken down by elastase (a1at inhibits elastase)

44
Q

where is elastin found?

A 
skin
lungs
large aa
ligaments
vocal cords
ligamentum flavum
45
Q

steps of PCR?

A

denaturation
annealing
elongation

46
Q

what’s with all the f***ing blots?

A

SNoW DRoP:
southern = DNA
Northern = RNA
Western = protein

(sneaky sneaky: southwestern = DNA-binding proteins!)

if we have to know any more than that, fuck it

47
Q

direct vs indirect ELISA?

A

direct: test Ab looks for specific antigen
indirect: test Ab/Ag looks for specific Ab-Ag complex

48
Q

cre-lox system?

A

inducibly manipulates genes at specific developmental points

step 1 - biochem (5 decks)

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