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TEST 2: A&P > Cells & Tissues PT 2 > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues PT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane Transport

A

movement of substances into and out of the cell

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2
Q

Passive Transport Process

A

No Enegery (ATP) required

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3
Q

Active Transport Process

A

ATP (ENGERGY) required

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4
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture of two or more compnents

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5
Q

Solvent

A

dissolving medium

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6
Q

Solutes

A

components in smaller quantities within a solution

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7
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

nucleoplasm and Cytosol

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8
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

fluid on the exterior of the cell

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9
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others

Includes movements INTO and OUT OF the CELL

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10
Q

Universal Solvent

A

Water

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11
Q

Diffusion

passive transport process

A

Particles tent to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

Movement is from high concentration to a low concentration (Down a concentration gradient)

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12
Q 
Simple diffusion
(passive transport process)
A

Unassisted process

Solutes are lipid- soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

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13
Q

Osmosis

passive transport process

A

Simple Diffusion of Water

Highly Polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

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14
Q 
Facilitated Diffusion
(passive transport process)
A

Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

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15
Q

Filtration

Passive transport Process

A

Water and Solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydro-static pressure.

pressure gradient must exist

Solute containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

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16
Q

Active Transport Process

A

Transport Substances that are unable to pass by diffusion

  • Too Large
  • Not dissoluble in fat core of membrane
  • move against concentration gradient
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17
Q

Solute Pumping

Active Transport form

A
  • Amino acids, some sugars, ions are transported by solute pumps
  • ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
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18
Q

Exocytosis

Bulk Transport

A
  • Moves Materials out of cell
  • Material carried in membranous vesicle
  • Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
  • Vesicle combine with plasma membrane
  • material emptied outside
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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular substances are engulfed

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20
Q

Phagocystosis

A

Cell eating

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21
Q

Pinocystosis

A

Cell Drinking

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22
Q

pin/o

A

to drink

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23
Q

phag/o

A

to eat

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24
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

The cell has 2 major periods

Interphase and Cell division

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25
Q

Interphase

A
  • Cell Grows

- Carries on Metabolic Processes

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26
Q

Cell Division

A

-Cell Replicates Itself

Function:
Production of Cells for Growth and Repair

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27
Q

DNA Replication

A
  • Genetic Material is duplicated which readies a cell for division into 2 cells
  • occurs toward the end of interphase
  • DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
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28
Q

Events of Cell Division

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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29
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of Nucleus

Results in formation of 2 daughter nuclei

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30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

begins when mitosis is near completion and results in formation of 2 daughter cells

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31
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

A 
Interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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32
Q

Interpahse

STAGE OF MITOSIS

A

Stage when genetic material is duplicated

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33
Q

Prophase

A

1st part of cell divison

Centrioles migrate into poles

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34
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers attache to chromosomes (at the centromere) align in the center of cell

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35
Q

Anaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes pull apart toward the poles

cells beings to elongate

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36
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter nuclei begin forming

A Cleavage furrow (for Cell Division) forms

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37
Q

Gene

A

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

-proteins have many functions (structural and functional)

RNA- is essential for protein synthesis

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38
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, and Transfer RNA, and Various Enzymes.

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39
Q

Transfer RNA

tRNA

A

Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein)

40
Q

Ribosomal RNA

rRNA

A

Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

41
Q

Messenger RNA

mRNA

A

Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

42
Q

Transcription

A

Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

43
Q

Translation

A

Base sequence of nucleic acid translated to an amino acid sequence

Amino Acids are the builds blocks of proteins

44
Q

Part of a Phospholipid molecule that “loves” water

A

hydrophilic

45
Q

Part of a Phospholipid molecule that does not mix well with water

A

hydrophobic

46
Q

Cellular Structures that increase surface area for absorption

A

microvilli

47
Q

Tight Junction

A

Cells that need to be held together without “GAPS” that substances to leak through have zipper- like connections

48
Q

Desmosomes

A

Button Like Spots welds that secure cells together in certain places

49
Q

Gap Junctions

A

In cells like those found in the Heart, Rapid ion flow from cell to cell through tiny protein tunnels is possible because of this communication connection between cardiomyocytes

50
Q

Free Radicals

A

Destructive molecules that are electron hungry

51
Q

Antioxidants

A

Neutralize Free Radicals/ Destructive Molecules and stop cascade

52
Q

Chromatin

A

Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

53
Q

Chromosomes

A

bar-like body of tightly coiled chromatin visible during cell division

54
Q

hyrdophilic

A

Water loving; tendency to mix with water

55
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating; tendency to rebel water

56
Q

Microvilli

A

tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial

Increases surface area for absorption

57
Q

flagella

A

long whip like extension of the cell membrane

Serves to propel the cell

58
Q

Cilia

A

tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in wavelike manner

59
Q

Exocytosis

A

cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

60
Q

Endocytosis

active transport

A

taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

61
Q

endo-

A

within

upon

62
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

63
Q

Genes

A

biological units of heredity located in chromatin transmits hereditary information

64
Q

Codons

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule

65
Q

Codons

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule

66
Q

Anti Codons

A

Three Nucelotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA

67
Q

Lamina Propria

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue or dense layer of irregular connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and constitutes mucosa

68
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane lining interior abdominal cavity and covering surfaces of abdominal organs

69
Q

Serous Membrane

A

membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to outside of the body; Serosa

(Except for joint cavities; which have a synovial membrane)

70
Q

Pleura

A

Serous Membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity

71
Q

Pericardium

A

The membranous sac enveloping the heart

72
Q

Benign

A

Not Malignant

73
Q

Malignant

A

Life-Threatening; pertainsto neoplasms that spread and lead to death such as cancer

74
Q

osteon

A

interconnecting canals in microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone

75
Q

lacuna

A

a little depression or space; lacunae are occupied by cells

76
Q

lamella

A

thin layer, membrane, scale, or plate like tissue or parte. especially in bone tissue

77
Q

canaliculus

A

extremely small tubular passage or channel

78
Q

central channel (Haversian Canals)

A

Run Lengthwise through bones carrying blood vessels ans nerves to all areas of the bone.

79
Q

Perforating Canal

Volkmann’s

A

Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian Canals

PROVIDE ENERGY and NOURISHNG ELEMENTS FOR OSTEONS

80
Q

appositional growth

A

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers on those previously formed.

81
Q

pectoral Girdles

A

Composite of two bones, scapulaa and clavicle, that attache the upper limb to the axial skeleton also called the pectoral girdle.

82
Q

Pelvic Girdles

A

is formed by two coxal bones or ossa coxae ommonly called hip bones and the sacrum. together with the coccyx the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.

83
Q

Synthorosis

A

Immovable Joint

84
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly Movable Joint

85
Q

Diathrosis

A

Freely Movable Joint

86
Q

Bursitis (BURSAE)

A

Inflammation of the fluid filleds pads that act as cushions at the joints

87
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints

88
Q

gout

A

form of arthritis; redness tenderness in joints

89
Q

hematoma

A

a solid swelling of clotted blood withing tissues

90
Q

hem/o hem/a

A

blood

91
Q

fibrocartilage callus

A

formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself.

The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant,lying in resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone

92
Q

bony callus

A

body’s attempt to heal a bone fracture.

93
Q

In DNA ADENINE BINDS WITH

A

Thymine

94
Q

In DNA GUANINE BINDS WITH

A

Cytosine

95
Q

In RNA ADENINE BINDS WITH

A

Uracil

96
Q

Transcription takes place where?

A

In the nucleus

97
Q

Translation takes place where?

A

In the cytoplasm

TEST 2: A&P (1 decks)

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