Cells & Tissues PT 2 Flashcards
Membrane Transport
movement of substances into and out of the cell
Passive Transport Process
No Enegery (ATP) required
Active Transport Process
ATP (ENGERGY) required
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more compnents
Solvent
dissolving medium
Solutes
components in smaller quantities within a solution
Intracellular Fluid
nucleoplasm and Cytosol
Interstitial Fluid
fluid on the exterior of the cell
Selective Permeability
Plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
Includes movements INTO and OUT OF the CELL
Universal Solvent
Water
Diffusion
passive transport process
Particles tent to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
Movement is from high concentration to a low concentration (Down a concentration gradient)
Simple diffusion (passive transport process)
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid- soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
Osmosis
passive transport process
Simple Diffusion of Water
Highly Polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport process)
Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
Filtration
Passive transport Process
Water and Solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydro-static pressure.
pressure gradient must exist
Solute containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
Active Transport Process
Transport Substances that are unable to pass by diffusion
- Too Large
- Not dissoluble in fat core of membrane
- move against concentration gradient
Solute Pumping
Active Transport form
- Amino acids, some sugars, ions are transported by solute pumps
- ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
Exocytosis
Bulk Transport
- Moves Materials out of cell
- Material carried in membranous vesicle
- Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
- Vesicle combine with plasma membrane
- material emptied outside
Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed
Phagocystosis
Cell eating
Pinocystosis
Cell Drinking
pin/o
to drink
phag/o
to eat
Cell Life Cycle
The cell has 2 major periods
Interphase and Cell division
Interphase
- Cell Grows
- Carries on Metabolic Processes
Cell Division
-Cell Replicates Itself
Function:
Production of Cells for Growth and Repair
DNA Replication
- Genetic Material is duplicated which readies a cell for division into 2 cells
- occurs toward the end of interphase
- DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
Events of Cell Division
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
Division of Nucleus
Results in formation of 2 daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
begins when mitosis is near completion and results in formation of 2 daughter cells
STAGES OF MITOSIS
Interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
Interpahse
STAGE OF MITOSIS
Stage when genetic material is duplicated
Prophase
1st part of cell divison
Centrioles migrate into poles
Metaphase
Spindle fibers attache to chromosomes (at the centromere) align in the center of cell
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes pull apart toward the poles
cells beings to elongate
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A Cleavage furrow (for Cell Division) forms
Gene
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
-proteins have many functions (structural and functional)
RNA- is essential for protein synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of ribosomal RNA, Messenger RNA, and Transfer RNA, and Various Enzymes.
Transfer RNA
tRNA
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein)
Ribosomal RNA
rRNA
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Messenger RNA
mRNA
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino Acids are the builds blocks of proteins
Part of a Phospholipid molecule that “loves” water
hydrophilic
Part of a Phospholipid molecule that does not mix well with water
hydrophobic
Cellular Structures that increase surface area for absorption
microvilli
Tight Junction
Cells that need to be held together without “GAPS” that substances to leak through have zipper- like connections
Desmosomes
Button Like Spots welds that secure cells together in certain places
Gap Junctions
In cells like those found in the Heart, Rapid ion flow from cell to cell through tiny protein tunnels is possible because of this communication connection between cardiomyocytes
Free Radicals
Destructive molecules that are electron hungry
Antioxidants
Neutralize Free Radicals/ Destructive Molecules and stop cascade
Chromatin
Structures in the nucleus that carry genes
Chromosomes
bar-like body of tightly coiled chromatin visible during cell division
hyrdophilic
Water loving; tendency to mix with water
Hydrophobic
Water hating; tendency to rebel water
Microvilli
tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial
Increases surface area for absorption
flagella
long whip like extension of the cell membrane
Serves to propel the cell
Cilia
tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in wavelike manner
Exocytosis
cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
Endocytosis
active transport
taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
endo-
within
upon
cyt/o
cell
Genes
biological units of heredity located in chromatin transmits hereditary information
Codons
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule
Codons
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA of RNA molecule
Anti Codons
Three Nucelotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
Lamina Propria
thin layer of loose connective tissue or dense layer of irregular connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and constitutes mucosa
Peritoneum
Serous membrane lining interior abdominal cavity and covering surfaces of abdominal organs
Serous Membrane
membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to outside of the body; Serosa
(Except for joint cavities; which have a synovial membrane)
Pleura
Serous Membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity
Pericardium
The membranous sac enveloping the heart
Benign
Not Malignant
Malignant
Life-Threatening; pertainsto neoplasms that spread and lead to death such as cancer
osteon
interconnecting canals in microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone
lacuna
a little depression or space; lacunae are occupied by cells
lamella
thin layer, membrane, scale, or plate like tissue or parte. especially in bone tissue
canaliculus
extremely small tubular passage or channel
central channel (Haversian Canals)
Run Lengthwise through bones carrying blood vessels ans nerves to all areas of the bone.
Perforating Canal
Volkmann’s
Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the Haversian Canals
PROVIDE ENERGY and NOURISHNG ELEMENTS FOR OSTEONS
appositional growth
Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers on those previously formed.
pectoral Girdles
Composite of two bones, scapulaa and clavicle, that attache the upper limb to the axial skeleton also called the pectoral girdle.
Pelvic Girdles
is formed by two coxal bones or ossa coxae ommonly called hip bones and the sacrum. together with the coccyx the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.
Synthorosis
Immovable Joint
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly Movable Joint
Diathrosis
Freely Movable Joint
Bursitis (BURSAE)
Inflammation of the fluid filleds pads that act as cushions at the joints
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
gout
form of arthritis; redness tenderness in joints
hematoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood withing tissues
hem/o hem/a
blood
fibrocartilage callus
formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself.
The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant,lying in resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone
bony callus
body’s attempt to heal a bone fracture.
In DNA ADENINE BINDS WITH
Thymine
In DNA GUANINE BINDS WITH
Cytosine
In RNA ADENINE BINDS WITH
Uracil
Transcription takes place where?
In the nucleus
Translation takes place where?
In the cytoplasm
