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T1 Physiology > Cells, Tissues, Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues, Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

________; ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter, containing a nucleus with an equal number of protons and electrons

A

atoms

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2
Q

___________: when two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure

A

molecule

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3
Q

__________; a substance made of different atoms

A

compound

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4
Q

___________; a substance made entirely of the same atoms

A

element

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5
Q

4 elements make up 96% of the body’s mass, they are …

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

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6
Q

___; an atom with an UNEQUAL number of protons and electrons (therefore it has a negative or positive charge)

A

ion

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7
Q

_____ _______; an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

A

free radical

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8
Q

There is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules; a __________ ________ occurs when these bonds are formed or broken

A

chemical reaction

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9
Q

___________; the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

A

metabolism

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10
Q

___________; the building phase of metabolism (this requires/uses energy)

A

anabolism

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11
Q

_________; the breaking phase of metabolism (this produces/ releases energy)

A

catabolism

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12
Q

_____ or adenosine triphosphate is the “energy currency” of the body

A

ATP

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13
Q

T/F ATP provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells

A

true

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14
Q

the energy stored in ATP is _______ to perform many body functions including cell division, muscle contraction and movements of substances across cell membranes

A

spent

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15
Q

T/F the energy needed to reform ATP is “gained” by breaking down (catabolizing) food

A

true

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16
Q

to get energy needed to perform various functions ATP is ________ which releases energy

A

broken

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17
Q

to reform ATP you need energy, cells get the energy from _________,_______ and ________

A

carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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18
Q

substances used to make energy are collectively called ________ __________

A

energy substrates

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19
Q

_________ __________; depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available different substrates will be used

A

cellular preference

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20
Q

__________ ___________; a series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP

A

cellular respiration

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21
Q

cellular respiration processes can be _________ or __________

A

aerobic or anaerobic

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22
Q

__________ cellular respiration happens without oxygen present/being used

A

anaerobic

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23
Q

_________ cellular respiration happens with oxygen present/being used

A

aerobic

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24
Q

the preferred energy substrate is __________ (glucose)

A

carbohydrates

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25
Q

cells use stored glucose which is called _________

A

glycogen

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26
Q

the process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm and is called _________

A

glycolosis

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27
Q

in the presence of oxygen (Aerobic) ________ acid enters the mitochondria

A

pyruvic

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28
Q

T/F pyruvic acid goes into the mitochondria during aerobic processes

A

false

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29
Q

____ can be used to generate ATP but only in the presence of oxygen

A

fat

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30
Q

________; breakdown of store fat

A

lipolysis

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31
Q

__________ (liver cells) make ketone bodies which are used by other cells to make ATP

A

hepatocytes

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32
Q

proteins are broken down into ______ ______

A

amino acids

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33
Q

T/F using amino acids to generate ATP takes longer and produces extra waste

A

true

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34
Q

T/F water accounts for 65% of body weight

A

true

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35
Q

in a _______ a substance (The solvent) dissolves another substance (the _______)

A

solution, solute

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36
Q

when inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water the separate (__________) into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

A

dissociate

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37
Q

_______; a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)

A

acid

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38
Q

______; a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

A

base

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39
Q

______; a substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)

A

salt

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40
Q

the more ________ ions dissolved in a solution the more acidic it is

A

hydrogen

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41
Q

the more _______ ions dissolved in a solution the more basic (alkaline) it is

A

hydroxdie

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42
Q

acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the ____ scale

A

pH

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43
Q

values on the pH scale range from ___-____

A

0-14

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44
Q

____ is neutral pH

A

7.0

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45
Q

T/F the body tolerates significant changes in pH very well

A

false

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46
Q

organic compounds contain ________

A

carbon

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47
Q

__________; large complex molecules structures made up of amino acids

A

proteins

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48
Q

regulatory proteins are __________

A

hormones

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49
Q

________ proteins shorten muscle cells

A

contractile

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50
Q

_________ proteins regulate biochemical reactions

A

catalytic

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51
Q

___________ are the stored form of excess calories

A

triglycerides

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52
Q

______ - your genetic material, controls most cell activities

A

DNA

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53
Q

____ - relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis

A

RNA

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54
Q

the ______ is the smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life

A

cell

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55
Q

a _________ is a group of similar cells that perform a similar function

A

tissue

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56
Q

name the 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous

57
Q

an _________ is a part of the body composed of at least 2 different kinds of tissue

A

organ

58
Q

an _______ _________ is a group of organs related to each other that perform functions together - these operating together form the organism

A

organ system

59
Q

” the condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal; regulatory processes” aka ____________

A

homeostasis

60
Q

T/F most disruptions in homeostasis are mild and temporary therefore the return to homeostasis is relatively quick

A

true

61
Q

a cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed etc is known as a __________ ________

A

feedback loop

62
Q

_________ _________; the variable being monitored

A

controlled condition

63
Q

__________; whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions may be internal OR external)

A

stimulus

64
Q

a __________/_________ is a structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition

A

sensory/receptor

65
Q

__________ _________ are the nervous and blood vessel pathways - these relay messages between the receptor and the control center

A

transmission pathways

66
Q

a _______ _______ comprises the nervous and endocrine systems and sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained

A

control centre

67
Q

the _________ is the structure that ultimately produces the response to a given stimulus

A

effector

68
Q

T/F the inside of the body is uniform

A

false

69
Q

T/F feedback loops are either negative or positive

A

true

70
Q

T/F negative feedback loops are very stable and the predominant type of loop

A

true

71
Q

_________ the adjustment of an organism to its environment

A

adaptation

72
Q

__________ the adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect

A

compensation

73
Q

_________ (cell) membrane is a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents

A

plasma

74
Q

T/F the plasma membrane is selectively permeable

A

true

75
Q

___________ fluid is the fluid inside the cell whereas __________ fluid is the fluid outside the cells

A

intracellular
extra cellular

76
Q

fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord is the ______________ fluid

A

cerebrospinal fluid

77
Q

___________; finger-like projections of the plasma membrane the increases surface area

A

microvilli

78
Q

__________ the contents of a cell

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

the ________ are the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

80
Q

the _________ is the control center

A

nucleus

81
Q

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of proteins synthesis, ___________ are attached

A

ribosomes

82
Q

the _______ complex processes,sorts,packages and delivers molecules to the plasmas membrane

A

golgi

83
Q

__________ break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged

A

lysosomes

84
Q

___________ is the power plant of the cell

A

mitochondria

85
Q

______ short hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell

A

cilia

86
Q

_______; similar to cilia but it propels the cell

A

flagella

87
Q

membrane transport can be either ________ or _________

A

active or passive

88
Q

__________ transport requires no energy to move the substance

A

passive

89
Q

a __________ _________ is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another (inside to the outside of the plasma membrane)

A

concentration gradient

90
Q

__________; a passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

A

osmosis

91
Q

T/F osmosis only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes

A

true

92
Q

the movement of a substance across a membrane AGAINST its concentration gradient. is known as __________ transport

A

active

93
Q

the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane DOWN their concentration gradient is known as _________

A

diffusion

94
Q

T/F diffusion is a passive process

A

true

95
Q

a __________ is a small spherical sac

A

vesicle

96
Q

____________; extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

97
Q

___________; a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn-out cells

A

phagocytosis

98
Q

__________; vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell

A

exocytosis

99
Q

there are _____ types of cell junctions

A

3

100
Q

_______ junctions prevent the passage of substances between cells

A

tight

101
Q

_________ junctions anchor cells to one another

A

anchoring

102
Q

____ junctions provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells

A

gap

103
Q

__________ tissues cover body surfaces, line hollow organs, cavities and ducts/ form glands

A

epithelial

104
Q

T/F epithelial tissue is vascular

A

false

105
Q

T/F epithelial tissues has a nerve supply

A

true

106
Q

a ___________ __________ is a thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

107
Q

there are ___ types of glands

A

2

108
Q

name the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

109
Q

________; white, very strong, resist tensile forces (type of connective tissue)

A

collagen

110
Q

________; yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy

A

elastin

111
Q

___________; thin, fine collagen fibers that form branching networks

A

reticular

112
Q

_____________; present in all general CT, produce protein fibers and ground substance

A

fibroblasts

113
Q

___________; eat bacteria and cellular debris

A

macrophages

114
Q

________ cells; part of the immune response

A

plasma

115
Q

________ cells; make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)

A

mast

116
Q

_________: cells that store fat

A

adipocytes

117
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue include ________ _________ and _______

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

118
Q

_______ tissue is the most widely distributed CT in the body, found in and around nearly every body structure

A

areolar

119
Q

________ tissues is areolar tissue containing a lot of adipocytes

A

adipose

120
Q

__________ CT, in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes - forms the supportive framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells and removes old blood cells and microbes

A

reticular

121
Q

3 types of dense connective tissue _________ _______ and _________

A

regular, irregular and elastic

122
Q

regular dense CT is in __________

A

tendons

123
Q

irregular dense CT is for ________

A

support

124
Q

elastic dense CT is located in the _______ etc

A

lungs

125
Q

_______ aka osseous tissue - functions to protect and support movement

A

bone

126
Q

cartilage cells are called ___________

A

chondrocytes

127
Q

3 types of cartilage __________ ____________ and __________

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic

128
Q

___________ cartilage is the most common cartilage in the body

A

hyaline

129
Q

_________ cartilage is located at the end of bones

A

hyaline

130
Q

_____________ is located between vertebrae, pubic symphysis, and menisci

A

fibrocartilage

131
Q

__________ cartilage has elastin fibers

A

elastic

132
Q

the 3 muscle tissue types include _______ ________ and ________

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

133
Q

2 types of nervous tissue cells (Designed for communication) are _________ and __________

A

neuroglia and neurons

134
Q

___________; support, nourish and protect the NS

A

neuroglia

135
Q

_________ are nerve cells with 3 parts (Dendrite, cell body, axon)

A

neurons

136
Q

____________ function as the input portion of the neuron

A

dendrite

137
Q

_______ _______ function is cell processes (protein synthesis)

A

cell body

138
Q

________ function is the output portion of the neuron

A

axon

T1 Physiology (2 decks)

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