Cells, Tissues, Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
________; ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter, containing a nucleus with an equal number of protons and electrons
A
atoms
2
Q
___________: when two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure
A
molecule
3
Q
__________; a substance made of different atoms
A
compound
4
Q
___________; a substance made entirely of the same atoms
A
element
5
Q
4 elements make up 96% of the body’s mass, they are …
A
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
6
Q
___; an atom with an UNEQUAL number of protons and electrons (therefore it has a negative or positive charge)
A
ion
7
Q
_____ _______; an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
A
free radical
8
Q
There is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules; a __________ ________ occurs when these bonds are formed or broken
A
chemical reaction
9
Q
___________; the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
A
metabolism
10
Q
___________; the building phase of metabolism (this requires/uses energy)
A
anabolism
11
Q
_________; the breaking phase of metabolism (this produces/ releases energy)
A
catabolism
12
Q
_____ or adenosine triphosphate is the “energy currency” of the body
A
ATP
13
Q
T/F ATP provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells
A
true
14
Q
the energy stored in ATP is _______ to perform many body functions including cell division, muscle contraction and movements of substances across cell membranes
A
spent
15
Q
T/F the energy needed to reform ATP is “gained” by breaking down (catabolizing) food
A
true
16
Q
to get energy needed to perform various functions ATP is ________ which releases energy
A
broken
17
Q
to reform ATP you need energy, cells get the energy from _________,_______ and ________
A
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
18
Q
substances used to make energy are collectively called ________ __________
A
energy substrates
19
Q
_________ __________; depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available different substrates will be used
A
cellular preference
20
Q
__________ ___________; a series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP
A
cellular respiration
21
Q
cellular respiration processes can be _________ or __________
A
aerobic or anaerobic
22
Q
__________ cellular respiration happens without oxygen present/being used
A
anaerobic
23
Q
_________ cellular respiration happens with oxygen present/being used
A
aerobic
24
Q
the preferred energy substrate is __________ (glucose)
A
carbohydrates
25
cells use stored glucose which is called _________
glycogen
26
the process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm and is called _________
glycolosis
27
in the presence of oxygen (Aerobic) ________ acid enters the mitochondria
pyruvic
28
T/F pyruvic acid goes into the mitochondria during aerobic processes
false
29
____ can be used to generate ATP but only in the presence of oxygen
fat
30
________; breakdown of store fat
lipolysis
31
__________ (liver cells) make ketone bodies which are used by other cells to make ATP
hepatocytes
32
proteins are broken down into ______ ______
amino acids
33
T/F using amino acids to generate ATP takes longer and produces extra waste
true
34
T/F water accounts for 65% of body weight
true
35
in a _______ a substance (The solvent) dissolves another substance (the _______)
solution, solute
36
when inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water the separate (__________) into ions and become surrounded by water molecules
dissociate
37
_______; a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)
acid
38
______; a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)
base
39
______; a substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)
salt
40
the more ________ ions dissolved in a solution the more acidic it is
hydrogen
41
the more _______ ions dissolved in a solution the more basic (alkaline) it is
hydroxdie
42
acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the ____ scale
pH
43
values on the pH scale range from ___-____
0-14
44
____ is neutral pH
7.0
45
T/F the body tolerates significant changes in pH very well
false
46
organic compounds contain ________
carbon
47
__________; large complex molecules structures made up of amino acids
proteins
48
regulatory proteins are __________
hormones
49
________ proteins shorten muscle cells
contractile
50
_________ proteins regulate biochemical reactions
catalytic
51
___________ are the stored form of excess calories
triglycerides
52
______ - your genetic material, controls most cell activities
DNA
53
____ - relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
RNA
54
the ______ is the smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life
cell
55
a _________ is a group of similar cells that perform a similar function
tissue
56
name the 4 types of tissues
epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous
57
an _________ is a part of the body composed of at least 2 different kinds of tissue
organ
58
an _______ _________ is a group of organs related to each other that perform functions together - these operating together form the organism
organ system
59
" the condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many internal; regulatory processes" aka ____________
homeostasis
60
T/F most disruptions in homeostasis are mild and temporary therefore the return to homeostasis is relatively quick
true
61
a cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed etc is known as a __________ ________
feedback loop
62
_________ _________; the variable being monitored
controlled condition
63
__________; whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions may be internal OR external)
stimulus
64
a __________/_________ is a structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
sensory/receptor
65
__________ _________ are the nervous and blood vessel pathways - these relay messages between the receptor and the control center
transmission pathways
66
a _______ _______ comprises the nervous and endocrine systems and sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained
control centre
67
the _________ is the structure that ultimately produces the response to a given stimulus
effector
68
T/F the inside of the body is uniform
false
69
T/F feedback loops are either negative or positive
true
70
T/F negative feedback loops are very stable and the predominant type of loop
true
71
_________ the adjustment of an organism to its environment
adaptation
72
__________ the adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect
compensation
73
_________ (cell) membrane is a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents
plasma
74
T/F the plasma membrane is selectively permeable
true
75
___________ fluid is the fluid inside the cell whereas __________ fluid is the fluid outside the cells
intracellular
extra cellular
76
fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord is the ______________ fluid
cerebrospinal fluid
77
___________; finger-like projections of the plasma membrane the increases surface area
microvilli
78
__________ the contents of a cell
cytoplasm
79
the ________ are the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
80
the _________ is the control center
nucleus
81
the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of proteins synthesis, ___________ are attached
ribosomes
82
the _______ complex processes,sorts,packages and delivers molecules to the plasmas membrane
golgi
83
__________ break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged
lysosomes
84
___________ is the power plant of the cell
mitochondria
85
______ short hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell
cilia
86
_______; similar to cilia but it propels the cell
flagella
87
membrane transport can be either ________ or _________
active or passive
88
__________ transport requires no energy to move the substance
passive
89
a __________ _________ is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another (inside to the outside of the plasma membrane)
concentration gradient
90
__________; a passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
osmosis
91
T/F osmosis only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes
true
92
the movement of a substance across a membrane AGAINST its concentration gradient. is known as __________ transport
active
93
the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane DOWN their concentration gradient is known as _________
diffusion
94
T/F diffusion is a passive process
true
95
a __________ is a small spherical sac
vesicle
96
____________; extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane
endocytosis
97
___________; a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn-out cells
phagocytosis
98
__________; vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell
exocytosis
99
there are _____ types of cell junctions
3
100
_______ junctions prevent the passage of substances between cells
tight
101
_________ junctions anchor cells to one another
anchoring
102
____ junctions provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells
gap
103
__________ tissues cover body surfaces, line hollow organs, cavities and ducts/ form glands
epithelial
104
T/F epithelial tissue is vascular
false
105
T/F epithelial tissues has a nerve supply
true
106
a ___________ __________ is a thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
basement membrane
107
there are ___ types of glands
2
108
name the two types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
109
________; white, very strong, resist tensile forces (type of connective tissue)
collagen
110
________; yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy
elastin
111
___________; thin, fine collagen fibers that form branching networks
reticular
112
_____________; present in all general CT, produce protein fibers and ground substance
fibroblasts
113
___________; eat bacteria and cellular debris
macrophages
114
________ cells; part of the immune response
plasma
115
________ cells; make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)
mast
116
_________: cells that store fat
adipocytes
117
3 types of loose connective tissue include ________ _________ and _______
areolar, adipose and reticular
118
_______ tissue is the most widely distributed CT in the body, found in and around nearly every body structure
areolar
119
________ tissues is areolar tissue containing a lot of adipocytes
adipose
120
__________ CT, in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes - forms the supportive framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells and removes old blood cells and microbes
reticular
121
3 types of dense connective tissue _________ _______ and _________
regular, irregular and elastic
122
regular dense CT is in __________
tendons
123
irregular dense CT is for ________
support
124
elastic dense CT is located in the _______ etc
lungs
125
_______ aka osseous tissue - functions to protect and support movement
bone
126
cartilage cells are called ___________
chondrocytes
127
3 types of cartilage __________ ____________ and __________
hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic
128
___________ cartilage is the most common cartilage in the body
hyaline
129
_________ cartilage is located at the end of bones
hyaline
130
_____________ is located between vertebrae, pubic symphysis, and menisci
fibrocartilage
131
__________ cartilage has elastin fibers
elastic
132
the 3 muscle tissue types include _______ ________ and ________
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
133
2 types of nervous tissue cells (Designed for communication) are _________ and __________
neuroglia and neurons
134
___________; support, nourish and protect the NS
neuroglia
135
_________ are nerve cells with 3 parts (Dendrite, cell body, axon)
neurons
136
____________ function as the input portion of the neuron
dendrite
137
_______ _______ function is cell processes (protein synthesis)
cell body
138
________ function is the output portion of the neuron
axon
